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Today we live in a shadow of AIDS —— the terrifyingly modern epidemic（传染病）that travels by jet and zeros in on the body's own disease — fighting immune system. More than 15 years after the first rumors of "gay plague" spread through the bathhouses of New York City and San Francisco, nearly 30 million people — gays and straights alike — have been infected by HIV, the virus that causes what has been, until now, an almost invariably fatal disease.
In July, at an international AIDS conference in Vancouver，a virologist named David Ho reported on a most promising experiment. By administering（配药）the protease-inhibitor（抑制剂）cocktails to patients in the earliest stages of infection, his team seems to have come tantalizingly close to eliminating the virus from the blood and other body tissues. Mathematical models suggest that patients caught early enough might be virus-free within two or three years.
Dr. David Ho was one of a small group of researchers who recognized from the start that AIDS was probably an infectious disease. He performed or collaborated on much of the basic virology（病毒学）work that showed HIV does not lie dormant，as most scientists thought，but multiplies in vast numbers right from the start. His insights helped shift the focus of AIDS treatment from the late stages of illness to the first weeks of infection. And it was his team's pioneering work with combination therapy, reported in Vancouver, that first raised hope that the virus might someday be eliminated.
Ho is not, to be sure，a household name — like Bill Clinton, who dominated the front page this year with his masterful comeback victory, or Bill Gates, who deftly extended the scope of his software empire into news, television and the Internet. But some people make headlines while others make history. And when the history of this era is written, it is likely that the men and women who turned the tide on AIDS will be seen as true heroes of the ages. For helping lift a death sentence for a few years at least, and perhaps longer 一 on tens of thousands of AIDS sufferers, and for pioneering the treatment that might，just might，lead to a cure，David Dai Ho, M. D., is TIME's Man of the Year for 1996.
1
What does the word "straights" in line 4 of the first paragraph refer to?
A.
homosexuals
B.
heterosexuals
C.
drug takers
D.
sportsmen
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
词汇题。把straights和gays比较就可以猜出它的词义是B项。
2
The AIDS virus would destroy our_____.
A.
blood system
B.
digestion system
C.
immune system
D.
brain
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
常识题。第一段第一句明确提到了选项C。
3
Which of the following is CORRECT according to the passage?
A.
Doctors thought AIDS would not spread among people.
B.
The numbers of the HIV virus would always stay in the same amount.
C.
Some patients could recover if they are diagnosed early and receive medical treatment.
D.
Dr. Ho's therapy is not as successful as he said.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。根据第二段内容可以确定正确答案是C项。
4
We can infer from the passage that
A.
Dr. Ho's achievements could not be compared with those of Bill Clinton and Bill Gates
B.
Dr. Ho would be remembered longer than Bill Clinton and Bill Gates
C.
Dr. Ho told the world his successful research on AIDS in America
D.
the most important period to treat AIDS is the last stage according to Dr. Ho
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。最后一段后半部分作者大力称赞Ho博士的成就。由此可以看出B项是正确答案。C项是考查细节，文中提到“Vancouver（温哥华）”是在加拿大，所以不会是在美国，D项是说在Ho博士的治疗过程中，治疗艾滋病最重要的时期是在后期，这和原文不相符。
5
The main idea of the passage is_____.
A.
introduction of a new and effective therapy to AIDS
B.
comparison between a famous virologist and Bill Clinton and Bill Gates
C.
some information about AIDS
D.
the details of cocktail therapy
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
主旨题。第一段是引言，指出艾滋病的致命性和不可抬愈性，第二段介绍了Ho博士提出的新治疗方法，第一段详细介绍了这种治疗方法。最后一段指出这中治疗方法给Ho博士带来的荣誉，因此可以确定正确答案是A项.
In these days of technological triumphs，it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better illustration of this idea than the sonar system of bats. Ounce for ounce and watt for watt，it is billions of times more efficient and more sensitive than the radars and sonar designed by man. Of course，the bats have had some 50 million years of evolution to refine their sonar. Their physiological mechanisms for echo location, based on all this accumulated experience, therefore merit our thorough study and analysis. To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location，we must first consider the degree of their reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar an insecteating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was brilliantly demonstrated by an experiment performed in the late eighteenth century by the Italian naturalist Lazurc Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower, blinded them，and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found their way back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanzani found that they had been able to capture and fill themselves with flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects in the dark of night，even when the insects emit no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will catch hundreds of soft-bodied, silent-flying moths in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles（小烁石）tossed into the air.
6
The passage is mainly about_____.
A.
living mechanisms and their artificial imitations
B.
the remarkable sonar system of bats
C.
the deficiencies of man-made sonar
D.
the experiment of "blind-bats"
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
主旨题。本文主要讲述的是蝙蝠非凡的声呐系统的形成及其作用，因此正确答案是B项，
7
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A.
Living mechanisms are always more efficient than their artificial imitations.
B.
Bats rely on their sonar system as well as eyesight to eat insects.
C.
The sonar system of bats has had 50 million years to be refined.
D.
People have discovered the bats，sonar system thousands of years age.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。选项C说蝙蝠的声呐系统用了五千万年的时间来进化，这在文中第五行提到了，蝙蝠的声呐系统在长期的生物进化过程中进行演变。选项A在文中也到了，但题中的always与文中的often 意义不同。因此正确答案是C项。
8
Lazure Spallanzani demonstrated that a bat can get along well without eyesight through _____.
A.
some bats he caught and blinded and released
B.
four of the blind bats finding their way back
C.
the four returned bats he recaptured
D.
the stomachs of the blind bats found to be filled with flying insects
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。意大利自然学家Lazure Spallanzani发现蝙蝠没有视力仍旧可以捕食，是因为他对抓回来的蝙蝠的胃进行了解剖。因此正确答案是D项。
9
Bats find insects in the dark of night with the help of_____.
A.
echoes
B.
eyesight
C.
sound wave
D.
none of the above
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。蝙蝠在黑暗中捕食主要是依靠回音定位。所以答案是A项。
10
It is implied but not stated in the passage that_____.
A.
pebbles tossed into the air make no sound that can be heard by human ears
B.
a bat will catch hundreds of moths in a single hour
C.
insect-eating bats are totally blind
D.
the sonar system of bats is as good as man-made sonar
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。根据最后一句可以得出正确答案是A项。
From 2004 to 2010，I recorded 2 620 rainfall-induced landslides worldwide that killed more than 32 000 people. The total number of fatalities is even higher than that, as my analysis only considered landslides triggered by rainfall. If other landslides are taken into account, especially those triggered by earthquakes, the death toll rises to a remarkable 80 000.
This is in stark contrast to official figures in the United Nations International Disaster Database, which indicate only about 7 400 deaths from landslides during the same period.
Why such a large discrepancy? A key factor is that the UN database includes many other hazard types, such as earthquakes, floods and volcanic eruptions. Compiling such data is a huge task, so the researchers set a minimum impact threshold (门槛)for inclusion. This is either 10 fatalities or a large economic loss, meaning that many small events are excluded. This is not a problem for earthquake-related data, as unfortunately almost all events that cause significant damage also kill more than 10 people, but it leads to substantial underreporting for landslides.
A second key factor is that fatal landslides are concentrated in populous but remote mountain areas prone to heavy rainfall or earthquakes. In such places, obtaining information about landslides that kill small numbers of people has been hitherto (至今) impossible.
The ultimate goal of such data gathering is to reduce landslide deaths. In the past three decades several countries have set up successful programmes to manage landslide risk. Their programmes have reduced loss of life through a combination of engineering works, public awareness, relocation of people most at risk and an early warning system.
An interesting question is whether deaths from landslides are increasing. My research shows that as population density increases, so does the number of fatal landslides. In part, this is probably because rising population forces people to live and work on unstable land and, of course, when there are more people in the landscape it becomes more likely that any given landslide will hit someone.
Other factors will also be at play. Environmental degradation, especially deforestation, seems to be making landslides more likely. And the increases in rainfall intensity, which are probably associated with a warming atmosphere, may also be contributing.
11
The author's analysis focuses on landslides caused by _____.
A.
floods
B.
rainfall
C.
earthquakes
D.
volcanic eruptions
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
定位由题干中的The author's analysis focuses on定位到原文首段前两句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，作者于2004年到2010年间记录了世界范围内由降雨引发的山体滑坡的数据。接着强调他的分析只关注了由降雨引发的山体滑坡。由此得知，作者所关注的山体滑坡是由降雨引发的滑坡，选项B)为本题的正确答案。
12
The word "stark" (Line 1，Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _____.
A.
unpleasant
B.
plain
C.
little
D.
harsh
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的stark定位到原文第二段。语义理解题。定位段通过列数字的方式明确指出作者的数据跟联合国国际灾害数据库的官方数据存在差异。官方数据仅为约7400人，和作者的数据差异可谓很大，故stark应该意为”鲜明的，差距大的”,故选D)。
13
The author's data of fatalities differ from official figures mainly because _____.
A.
the UN database focuses more on economic loss
B.
the UN database covers fewer types of landslides
C.
the UN database doesn't take many small events into account
D.
the UN database can obtain data in populous but remote mountain areas
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的data和differfrom定位到原文第三段前四句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，存在这种差异的一个关键因素就是两者的涵盖范围不同。官方数据设定了纳入计算的最低影响的门槛，这导致了很多小事件会被排除在外。由此得知，选项C)为本题的正确答案。
14
What is the final purpose of landslide data gathering according to the passage?
A.
To decrease landslide fatalities.
B.
To reduce the occurrence of landslides.
C.
To understand more about landslides.
D.
To inform the public of more details about landslides.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the final purpose定位到原文第五段首句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，收集这种数据的最终目的就是为了减少山体滑坡造成的死亡。由此可知，选项A)为本题的正确答案。
15
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A.
Landslide Death Toll and Reasons
B.
Landslide Recognition and Control
C.
Landslide Prediction and Assessment
D.
Landslide Analysis and Early Warning Systems
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the best title定位到整篇文章。主旨大意题。文章针对山体滑坡造成死亡人数增多的现象,分析了作者的数据跟联合国国际灾害数据库的数据存在较大差异的原因，随后分析了为什么山体滑坡造成的死亡人数会增加。由此可知，文章主要针对滑坡死亡人数和原因进行探讨，故选项A)为本题的正确答案。
Brain-training software may be a waste of time. People who played "mind-boosting" games made the same modest cognitive gains as those who spent a similar amount of time surfing the web. "It didn't really make any difference what people did，，，says Adrian Owen of the Medical Research Council Cognition, who tested brain-training software on volunteers recruited through a BBC television program.
Owen and his colleagues asked 11 000 volunteers to take tests to measure their reasoning ability and verbal and spatial (空间的）memory. Participants then spent six weeks playing on one of two computer programs, or just surfing the web for pleasure. In one program, which imitates commercial brain-training software, the volunteers solved simple mathematics problems and puzzles that tested their memories. The other was designed specifically to boost cognitive abilities such as reasoning and planning.
After six weeks, the participants underwent a second round of cognitive tests. Both groups who played the games made modest improvements, yet so did the web surfers. Skills learned via the programs didn't transfer to the cognitive tests, even when they relied on similar abilities, says Owen. For instance, people who played a game in which they had to find a match for a briefly overturned card struggled at a similar test that used stars "hidden" in boxes. "Even when the tests were conceptually quite similar we didn't see any improvement," says Owen. He concludes that brain-training software only makes people better at the specific tasks they have been practicing.
Yet Klingberg, who founded a cognitive-training firm called Cogmed, is indignant at the conclusion that all brain training is bunk. The participants in Owen's study didn't practise for long enough and there was no quality control over what practice people did, he says. "Asking subjects to sit at home and do tests online, perhaps with the TV on or other distractions around, is likely to result in noisy data," he says. "This paper does in no way disprove that the brain is plastic or that cognitive functions can be improved by training. " Owen counters that his team's research took place in settings similar to the ones people are likely to practice in. "This is what people are doing. They're sitting at home on their computers doing brain training. "
16
The purpose of Owen's recruiting volunteers to do the first round of tests is to_____.
A.
test their reasoning ability and verbal and spatial memory
B.
support the BBC television program in his way
C.
prove how much information participants can remember
D.
detect differences among people in memorizing information
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中说的Owen's,volunteers和tests定位到第二段第一句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，Owen和他的同事要求11000名志愿者接受测试，以评估他们的推理能力、语言记忆能力和空间记忆能力，故正确答案为A)。
17
How many groups were the participants divided into in Owen's tests?
A.
Two.
B.
Three.
C.
Four.
D.
Five.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的groups和participants定位到第三段前两句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，进行第二轮认知测试后，发现玩过游戏的两组人的认知能力都得到适当的提高，而那些在网上冲浪的人的认知能力也得到提高，因此可知参与者被分为三组，故正确答案为B)。
18
From the second round of cognitive tests, Owen concludes that_____.
A.
all participants have made much recognizable improvement dramatically
B.
participants have developed reasoning ability to solve complicated problems
C.
participants can make greater improvement in solving very similar problems
D.
participants do a better job in specific tasks they have been practicing
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的second round of cognitive tests和Owen定位到第三段最后两句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，经过第二轮的实验,Owen发现即使这些测试在概念上很相似,但没有看到参与者有任何改善，大脑训练软件仅仅使人们在一直练习的特定任务中得到提高,故正确答案为D)。
19
What's the meaning of "indignant" (Line 1，Para. 4)?
A.
Satiric.
B.
Agreeable.
C.
Mad.
D.
Dishonest.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的indignant (Line1,Para.4)定位到第四段第一、二句。语义理解题。由定位句可知，Klingberg认为Owen研究的参与者没有足够的时间练习，并且他们在练习中也没有进行严格的质量控制，可以推断他对Owen的结论很生气,故正确答案为C)。
20
Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?
A.
There is a doubt about whether brain-training software is effective.
B.
We should concentrate on brain-training software in our daily life.
C.
Brain-training software is useless to every person.
D.
It is important to improve reasoning ability and spatial memory.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的best describes the passage as a whole定位到整篇文章。主旨大意题。本文首先说明Owen对大脑训练软件产生怀疑，随后进行测试研解析究，得出大脑训练软件对大脑的提高不大这一结论。由此可见，全文都是在围绕大脑训练软件是否有效展开讨论，故正确答案为A)。
Quitting smoking is hard enough on its own，but studies show the challenge is even greater if you suffer from a mental illness-which is why many treatment facilities still allow patients to smoke, even encouraging the habit by using cigarettes as a reward for tests or therapies.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)，around 31% of cigarettes in the US are smoked by people with mental illness. And The New York Times details the longstanding tradition of smoking in mental health facilities, along with the growing controversy triggered by administrators' attempts to now change course and ban cigarettes.
People with mental illness are 70% more likely to smoke than those who are not mentally ill- and at least 50% less likely to quit successfully. This includes people with depression and anxiety disorders as well as those with schizophrenia (精神分裂症)and bipolar disorder (躁郁症）o The more disabling the mental illness is, the higher the smoking rates are, with about 88% of people with schizophrenia being regular smokers.
Those who run psychiatric hospitals and other facilities for the mentally ill are familiar with the high rate of lighting up among their patients, and there is even evidence explaining why smoking is so appealing to those with mental illness. Research shows that nicotine can have antidepressant and antipsychotic effects--and advocates for the mentally ill also maintained that it would be cruel to deprive patients of one of the few pleasures they enjoyed while hospitalized.
So despite the known health hazards of smoking, including the risk of heart disease, stroke and lung cancer, administrators accepted the habit as a necessary evil, often turning a blind eye to health risks in favor of the more immediate benefit of having patients comply with treatments. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors showed patients in these facilities are dying on average 25 years sooner than the general population, many from smoking-related diseases. That trend is prompting administrators to re-evaluate their smoking policies, with many hospitals trying to ban or at least rein in smoking.
21
What's the meaning of "the challenge" (Line 1，Para. 1)?
A.
Quitting smoking.
B.
Complying with the regulations.
C.
Encouraging the smoking habit.
D.
Suffering from a mental illness.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的"the challenge" (Line 1, Para. 1)定位到第一段。语义理解题。定位段提到，戒烟就其本身而言非常困难，然而研究发现,如果遭遇精神疾病时，面临的挑战会更大。由上下文语境可知，该挑战指的应当是戒 烟,故A)为答案。
22
According to The New York Times,_____.
A.
every person with mental illness has the habit of smoking
B.
smoking in mental health facilities is a long-term tradition
C.
considering patients' health, administrators will ban cigarettes
D.
administrators regard smoking as a reward for therapies
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的The New York Times定位到第二段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知,《纽约时报》详细说明了在精神健康机构中吸烟这一长期传统，以及现在管理者试图改变策略、禁止吸烟而引发的越来越多的争议,故B)为正确答案。
23
Why do many administrators accept patients' smoking habit as a necessary evil?
A.
Smoking is one of their pleasures.
B.
Smoking can reduce the risk of heart disease.
C.
Cigarettes have antidepressant and antipsychotic effects.
D.
Cigarettes are so appealing to those with mental illness.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的administrators和necessary evil定位到第四段末句和第五段。推理判断题。第五段提到，尽管知道吸烟有损害健康的风险，管理者还是接受了这一习惯并把它作为一个难免的坏事。第四段末句提到了管理者这样做的原因：有研究表明，尼古丁可能有抗抑郁和抗精神病的作用，因此本题正确答案 为C）。
24
What is prompting administrators to re-evaluate their smoking policies?
A.
Many hospitals are trying to ban or at least rein in smoking.
B.
Many patients with mental illness are dying from smoking-related diseases.
C.
Many administrators encourage patients to comply with treatments.
D.
Many administrators deprive patients of one of the few pleasures.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的prompting administrators to re-evaluate定位到最后一段最后一句。细节辨认题。定位句提到，这一趋势促使管理者重新评估他们的吸烟政策,许多医院试图禁止或至少控制吸烟。联系上文可知，这一趋势指的是美国全国各州精神卫生规划理事会显示,这些机构里的患者的平均死亡年龄比一般人群早25年，许多病人是死于与吸烟有关的疾病,故本题正确答案为B）。
25
What is the best title of this passage?
A.
Should Mentally 111 Patients Be Allowed to Smoke?
B.
The Health Hazards of Smoking
C.
The Trend in Mental Health Facilities
D.
The Smoking-related Diseases
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the best title of this passage定位到整篇文章。主旨大意题。文章主要围绕精神疾病患者能否吸烟这一问题展开，故A)为 答案。
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