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Adam Smith was the first person to see the importance of the division of labor and to explain part of its advantages. He gives as an example the process by which pins were made in England.
One man draws the wire, another strengthens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds（研磨）it at the top to prepare it to receive the head: To make the head requires two or three distinct operations. To put it on is a separate operation, to polish（擦亮）the pins is another. It is even a trade by itself to put them into the paper. And the important business of making pins, in this manner, is divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which in some factories are all performed by different people, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.
Ten men, Smith said, in this way, turned out twelve pounds of pins a day or about 4,800 pins apiece（就每个而论）.But if all of them had worked separately and independently without division of labor, they certainly could not each of them have made twenty pins in a day and perhaps not even one.
There can be no doubt that division of labor, provided that it is not taken too far, is an efficient way of organizing work. Fewer people can make more pins. Adam Smith saw this but he also took it for granted that division of labor is in itself responsible for economic growth and development and that it accounts for the difference between expanding economies and those that stand still. But division of labor adds nothing new, it only enable people to produce more of what they already have.
1
According to the passage, Adam Smith was the first person to _____.
A.
take advantage of the division of labor
B.
introduce the division of labor into England
C.
understand the effects of the division of labor
D.
explain the causes of the division of labor
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。根据在第一段。选项中将 see the importance of 换成了 understand the effects of。
2
Adam Smith saw that the division of labor_____.
A.
enabled each worker to make pins more quickly and more cheaply
B.
increased the possible output per worker
C.
increased the number of people employed in factories
D.
improved the quality of pins produced
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。文章中并没有谈及division of labor与B、C、D各项的关系，第三段具体的数字对比和第四段的is an efficient way of organizing为此选择提供了依据
3
Adam Smith mentioned the number 4,800 in order to_____.
A.
show the advantages of the division of labor
B.
show the advantages of the old craft system
C.
emphasize how powerful the individual workers were
D.
emphasize the importance of the increased production
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。答案在第三段。“每天基产4800个、20个和甚至一个也没有”三个数字形成鲜明对比， 旨在说明劳动力分工的巨大优势。
4
According to the writer, Adam Smith's mistake was believing that division of labor _____.
A.
was an efficient way of organizing work
B.
was an important development in methods of production
C.
inevitably led to economic development
D.
increased the production of existing goods
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
态度题，是对作者观点、态度的提问。答案在第四段，作者用take it for granted来暗示Adam Smith的错误。应注意作者用词+隐含的观点和态度。
5
"Provided that it is not taken too far" (Line 1, Para.4) means_____.
A.
if work is done near the factory
B.
if the factory is not too big
C.
if it is not led to extremity
D.
if workers don't have to go a long way
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
词汇题。too far 等于 extreme。
Sisal（西沙尔麻）and cotton are the two outstanding exports at Dar es Salaam（达累斯萨拉姆，坦桑尼亚首都）. Sisal has for many years been the leading export in terms of volume. Since 1959 over 100,000 harbor tons have been exported each year. Sisal thus constitutes approximately one quarter of the total volume of exports passing through the port, but the commodity is not so important as it is at Tanga（坦噶，坦桑尼亚东北部港市）. There has been a rapid increase in cotton exports during the past decade，largely because of increased production in the Lake Region of Tanzania and the encouragement of the Tanzanian Government. Market conditions in the Far East and in Europe are good，and there is likely to be further increase in cotton exports through Dar es Salaam. Increases in cotton exports have been paralleled by increases in exports of oil seed and seed cake, largely a by-product of cotton.
Exports of coffee through Dar es Salaam are slight and variable compared with those through Mombassa; this results from the varying quantities moving through Tanzania from Rwanda, Burundi and the Congo，and from the fact that most of the coffee crop from northern Tanzania passes through Mombassa. Grains are occasionally important. Ten exports are increasingly important, and exports of cashew nuts（腰果）, castor seed and canned meat are also rising. Cotton easily takes first place among the commodities exported through Dar es Salaam in terms of value.
The most noteworthy feature of the export traffic of Tanga is that there is only one major commodity involved. Exports of sisal, which rose in 1963 to record level of 231,105 harbor tons, constituted in that year 88 percent of the total volume of exports through the port of Tanga, and 72 percent of the total volume of traffic handled at the port. The importance of sisal exports at Tanga reflects the fact that sisal constitutes the leading industry of Tanzania. Other commodities exported through Tanga are comparatively of very minor significance, although exports of tea, canned meat and timber have risen in recent years.
6
It is suggested in the passage that cotton exports through Dar es Salaam will probably increase because_____.
A.
they have been rapidly increasing over the last ten years
B.
the Tanzania Government has been encouraging the Lake Region to grow more
C.
the demand for cotton in Europe and the Far East is growing
D.
exports of oil seed and seed cake have increased
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。从第一段第四句 Market conditions in the Far East and in Europe are good，and there is likely to be further increase in cotton exports through Dar es Salaam.可以看出，在欧洲及远东，对棉花的需求在增长。因此选项C最符合题意。
7
It is implied that exports of oil seed and seed cake have increased because ______
A.
of Tanzania Government encouragement
B.
market conditions in the Far East are good
C.
they are as important in Dar es Salaam as they are in Mombassa
D.
of increases in cotton production
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。第一段最后一句 Increases in cotton exports have been paralleled by increases in exports of oil seed and seed cake, largely a by-product of cotton.指出棉花出只量的提高同时也促进了棉花籽和油渣饼出口量的增加。
8
The most important difference between Tanga and Dar es Salaam is that Tanga, unlike Dar es Salaam,_____.
A.
only exports one major commodity
B.
exports only seven different commodities
C.
exports only $ 17,000，000 worth of commodities
D.
has timber and canned meat exported through it
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节題。从第三段第一句 The most noteworthy feature of the export traffic of Tanga is that there is only one major commodity involved.可以确定坦噶只有一种主要产品串口，即西沙尔麻，因此选项A正确。
9
Why are sisal exports at Tanga very important?
A.
Because sisal is popular with people.
B.
Because sisal plays a leading role in the industry of Tanzania.
C.
Because Tanga exports more principal commodities than Dar es salaam.
D.
Because sisal is more important than cotton at Tanga.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。从第三段第三句 The importance of sisal exports at Tanga reflects the fact that sisal constitutes the leading industry of Tanzania.可以判断西沙尔麻的生产是坦桑尼亚的主要工业。因此选项B正确。
10
Which of the following do you think may best serve as the title of this passage?
A.
Principal Export Commodities Through Tanga and Dar es Salaam
B.
The Value of Principal Commodities Exported
C.
Exports of Sisal and Cotton
D.
The Importance of the Export
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
主旨题。文章主要介绍了坦噶和达累斯萨拉姆两个港口的产品出口情况，文章没有涉及选项B、D，选项C只是文中涉及的细节问题，故A项是正确答案。
The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing（定量供应）is virtually suspended, and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is wide-spread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.
The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.
But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.
Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun to fall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend
The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation has seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 percent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansion program is not working very well.
11
Why is there "wide-spread uneasiness and confusion" about the food situation in Britain?
A.
The abundant food supply is not expected to last.
B.
Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.
C.
Britain is importing less food.
D.
Britain will cut back on its production of food.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。文章第一段第四句到第一段结束，作者用了二连串的问句提出疑问，由这些问题判断出 选项B为正确答案。
12
The main reason for the rise in food prices is that _____.
A.
people are buying less food
B.
imported food is driving prices higher
C.
domestic food production has decreased
D.
the government is providing less support for agriculture
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。根据文章第三段第一句“due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food”可知选项D为正确答案。
13
Why didn't the government's expansion program work very well?
A.
Because the farmers were uncertain about the financial support the government guaranteed.
B.
Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production.
C.
Because the farmers were uncertain whether foreign markets could be found for their produce.
D.
Because the older generation of farmers were strongly against the program.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。根据文章第五段第三句“Despite the present price ... a shrinking home market.”推断出：尽管由于目前价格及市场的保障，但农民们还是担心会被便宜的进口食品和市场的缩减而挤垮。所以选项B与原文相符。
14
The decrease in world food prices was a result of_____.
A.
a sharp fall in the purchasing power of the consumers
B.
a sharp fall in the cost of food production
C.
the overproduction food in the food-importing countries
D.
the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。文章第二段告诉我们：英国和北美这些大的食品出口国的出口量急剧增加，由此推断出这是造成世界其他国家食品价格下降的原因之故选项D为正确答案。
15
What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was written?
A.
It looks depressing despite government guarantees.
B.
An expansion of food production was at hand.
C.
British food producers would receive more government financial support.
D.
The fall in world food prices would benefit British food producers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。文章第一段作者对食物丰富带来的问题提出质疑。第二段指出如北美、英国一些大的食品出口国的出口量的增加给世界其他国家造成了影响。第三、第四、第五段又分析了价格的变化对农民的影响及农民们担心的问题。由以分析判断出选项A为正确答案。
There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.
In a market system individual economic units are free to interact each other in the market place. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes，and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.
An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each kind of goods and services should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by government, shows amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.
In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: every person's place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group of caste（种姓制度，印度世袭制度）may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone，progress may be difficult to achieve, a stagnant（停滞的）society may result.
16
What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.
To outline constructing types of economic system.
B.
To explain the science of economics.
C.
To argue for the superiority of one economic system.
D.
To compare barter and money-exchange markets.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
主旨题。第一段简要介绍了三种经济体制。第二、第三、第四段分别较详细地介绍了这三种经济体制。
17
The word "real" in "real goods"（Line 4, Para.2) could best be replaced by _____.
A.
high quality
B.
concrete
C.
utter
D.
authentic
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
词汇题。根据本句中所举的具体例子（汽车、鞋子等）可以确定real的意思是“具体的”。
18
According to the passage，a barter economy can lead to_____.
A.
rapid speed of transactions
B.
misunderstandings
C.
inflation
D.
difficulties for the traders
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。在文章的第二段的后半部分提到，易货交易很麻烦，所以货币才应运而生。因此答案是D项。
19
According to the passage，who has the greatest degree of control in an administered system?
A.
Individual households.
B.
Small businesses.
C.
Major corporations.
D.
The government.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。根据第三段第四句“The central Plan， drawn up by government, shows...”，可以得出正确答案应该是D项。
20
Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person's place in a traditional society?
A.
Family background.
B.
Age.
C.
Religious belief.
D.
Custom.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。文章最后一段第一句提到在传统的经济体制中，个体的经济实力是由他/她的出身、宗教信仰和传统来决定的。所以正确答案是B项。
Federal Express is a company that specializes in rapid overnight delivery of high-priority packages.The first company of its type, Federal Express was founded by the youthful Fred Smith in 1971, when he was only 28 years old.Smith had actually developed the idea for the rapid delivery service in a term paper for an economics class when he was a student at Yale University.
The term paper received a less-than-stellar grade because of the infeasibility of the project that Smith had outlined.The model that Smith proposed had never been tried; it was a model that was efficient to operate but at the same time very difficult to institute.
Smith achieved efficiency in his model by designing a system that was separate from the passenger system and could, therefore, focus on how to deliver packages most efficiently.His strategy was to have his own planes so that he could create his own schedules and to ship all packages through the centralized hub city of Memphis, a set-up which resembles the spokes (轮辐) on the wheel of a bicycle.With this combination of his own planes and hub set-up, he could get packages anywhere in the United States overnight.
What made Smith's idea difficult to institute was the fact that the entire system had to be created before the company could begin operations.He needed a fleet of aircraft to collect packages from airports every night and deliver them to Memphis, where they were immediately sorted and flown out to their new destinations; he needed a fleet of trucks to deliver packages to and from the various airports; he needed facilities and trained staff all in place to handle the operation.Smith had a $4 million inheritance from his father, and he managed to raise an additional 91 million dollars from venture capitalists to get the company operating.
21
The most appropriate title for this passage is ”_____”.
A.
The Problems and Frustrations of a Business Student
B.
The Importance of Business Studies
C.
The Capitalization of Federal Express
D.
The Implementation of a Successful Business
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
主旨大意题。本文讲述了“联邦快递”公司的创立。其创立者在学生时代就这个想法，后来设法使计划可行。克服了许多困难之后，他筹集到足够的资金，创办了这家公司，只有选项D能概括全文的主要内容。 选项A、B、C提到的都只是细节，不是文章的主题。
22
What is stated in the passage about Smith's term paper?
A.
Smith submitted it through a delivery service.
B.
It was written by a student of Smith's.
C.
The grade was not quite satisfactory.
D.
The professor thought it had great potential.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
事实细节题。本题考查名词infeasibility的理解。第1段第4句中的less-than-stellar和infeasibility都有助于推断史密斯论文的情况。虽然stellar是超纲词，但是利用构词法可以推断infeasibility是由in+feasibl(e)+ity 构成的，并由此可推断其意义为“不可行”,不可行的方案自然分数也不会令人满意了，因此选项C是正确答案。
23
What was Smith's key idea?
A.
That he should focus on passenger service.
B.
That package delivery should be separate from passenger service.
C.
That packages could be delivered on other companies' planes.
D.
That passenger service had to be efficient.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
事实细节题。本题考査复合句的理解。选择依据见第2段第1旬。选项A和D说的都是passenger system,但史密斯关注的是package delivery;选项C与本段第2句不符。
24
What difficulty did Smith confront to make his idea true?
A.
No hub city was found before the company's operation
B.
The entire delivery system had to be bulit up before the company's operation
C.
No plane was available to him before the company's operation
D.
No bicycle wheel was available to him before the company's operation
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推理判断题。本题考查复合句的理解。原文第2段第2句中，a set-up指的就是上文的hub，其后which引出的从句用自行车轮来比喻hub的概念，四个图形中B最接近轮辐的形状。
25
It can be inferred from the passage that Smith selected Memphis as his hub city because it____.
A.
was near the middle of the country
B.
had a large number of passenger aircraft
C.
already had a large package delivery service
D.
had a favorite passenger airport
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推理判断题。第2段第2句提到通过中心枢纽城市孟菲斯(through the centralized hub city of Memphis)运送所有的包裹，由此可推断孟菲斯处于美国中部，选项A正确
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