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Digital wallets and mobile payment solutions are now a dime a dozen, but hardly anyone uses them in place credit cards or old-fashioned cash.That could soon change with a little help from of an old, familiar technology: Bluetooth.The latest iteration, Bluetooth 4.0, comes with a low power variant called Bluetooth LE, which two nearby devices—like a cash register and smartphone—to connect when they're in range of one another.It's so low-powered, in fact, that a Bluetooth LE device could potentially last years on a single cell battery.Like the geofencing technology that Square uses, you don't even need to take your phone out of your pocket to make a purchase.But unlike Square, Bluetooth LE promises to be much easier on your smartphone battery.
Now that Bluetooth LE has finally made it into a critical mass of smartphones, computers, and other devices, it could dethrone the once-promising Near Field Communication (NFC) as the standard for mobile payments.The problem with NFC is that wireless carriers won't support any solution other than their own, and a single standard hasn't risen to prominence.So digital wallet companies weren't able to persuade consumers that taking your phone out of your front pocket to make a payment was more convenient than taking your wallet out of your back pocket.With its ultra-low power and convenience, Bluetooth LE might actually be something consumers want to use.
One of the first big backers to use the technology for mobile payments will be eBay's PayPal.Its “Beacon” service will let retailers set up a low power Bluetooth module in their shop.This module initiates and facilitates communication with a customer's smartphone the moment it's within range, and should said customer accept the connection, it can be set up to automatically connect in the future.Apple is also working on building similar software support for Bluetooth LE transmitters into iOS 7.Called iBeacon, the utility allows any iOS app and any iBeacon-compatible sensor to seamlessly talk to one another.Apple has been a longstanding NFC holdout—many smartphones powered by Google's Android have had NFC capabilities for years.And one of the most talked about startups, Coin, is using Bluetooth LE to power the communications between its digital credit card and users' smartphones.The company estimates the card will last two years before the battery runs out.
It would even be possible to store your payment information on a wearable device, such as a bracelet.Because Bluetooth LE sensors can last so long on a single charge, the fears people have of their smartphone dying and not having access to their credit cards would be a virtual non-issue.And you wouldn't have to worry about getting accidentally charged by walking past a storefront.Bluetooth 4.0 is extremely accurate at tracking distance between devices, so a cash register could be set to ignore all customers except the one standing right in front of counter.Bluetooth LE also offers more than just payment possibilities.A Bluetooth LE transmitter can beam deals and digital coupons to shoppers or pedestrians.It can even navigate people to specific items in a store.
But getting there won't be without its challenges.Retailers will need to update their point-of-sale systems with Bluetooth LE capable devices.And the convenience factor of Bluetooth still doesn't solve the problem of banks, carriers, credit card companies and retailers all picking and choosing which apps they're compatible with.A mobile payments standard needs to emerge.Bluetooth 4.0 has everything working in its favor to become the new mobile payments standard.It enables a frictionless experience, it is power efficient, it already exists in millions of devices, and it's relatively secure.
1
Which of the following statements does NOT contain personification?
A.
..Bluetooth LE, which allows two nearby devices...to connect...
B.
..and any iBeacon-compatible sensor to seamlessly talk to one another.
C.
..the fears people have of their smartphone dying...
D.
..so a cash register could be set to ignore all customers...
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
修辞题。[A]中的所有单词均为其基本含义，没有使用拟人的修辞手法，因此[A]为正确答案。[B]中的“sensor”不具备“talk”的功能，此处将“sensor”看作可以发出“谈话”动作的人，运用了拟人的修辞手法，故排除；[C]中的“dying”本应用来修饰有生命的人或物，本句将“smartphone”视作生命体，运用了拟人的修辞手法，故排除；[D]中的“cash register”本身不能够对顾客产生反应，而使用“ignore”一词，也是将“cash register”视作能够发出这一人性化行为的生命体，此处运用了拟人的修辞手法，故排除。
2
What is the role of the 3rd paragraph in the development of the topic?
A.
Giving supportive details on Bluetooth LE's strengths.
B.
Showing examples of how well Bluetooth LE is accepted.
C.
Illustrating the bright future of Bluetooth LE.
D.
Explaining how Bluetooth makes its way into big companie
E.
D.Explaining how Bluetooth makes its way into big companies.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
E
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
篇章题。第三段提到了易趣网的“灯塔”服务，苹果公司的iBeacon软件以及Coin公司的数字信用卡，这些都不是蓝牙所具有的优势，故排除[A]；而这三家不同公司对于蓝牙技术的认可与使用，都说明了蓝牙LE受欢迎的程度，因此，该段是以具体实例的方式，说明了蓝牙LE已经开始被市场接受，因此[B]为正确答案；第三段末尾仅提到了蓝牙LE现在的发展状况，并没有对它的将来进行阐述，故排除[C]；第三段仅列举了使用蓝牙技术的公司，并没有说明蓝牙技术是如何被这三家公司接受的，故排除[D]。
3
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of Bluetooth LE?
A.
Power efficiency.
B.
Accurate positioning.
C.
Good compatibility.
D.
Customer familiarity.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。第五段第三句提到，虽然蓝牙十分便利，但目前依然存在兼容性的问题，因此，兼容性是其问题所在，而不是蓝牙所具有的优点，故[C]为正确答案。文章第一段第四句提到了蓝牙的低能耗：仅用一节纽扣电池就可以让蓝牙设备支撑几年时间，因此[A]是蓝牙LE的优势，故排除；第四段第四句说蓝牙设备在近距离传感上十分精确，不会出现误收费的情况，因此[B]是蓝牙LE的优势，故排除；第一段第二句就说明人们对蓝牙技术已经十分熟悉，因此，它也可以算是蓝牙的一项优势，故排除[D]。
4
How does the author feel about the future of Bluetooth technology in mobile payment?
A.
Acceptable.
B.
Profitable.
C.
Ordinary.
D.
Promising.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
态度题。文章第一段即提出蓝牙可能会改变数字钱包和移动支付解决方案的尴尬境地。接下来，文章以大量的篇幅介绍了蓝牙的优点，虽然在最后一段作者提到了蓝牙技术目前所面临的问题，但也指出，蓝牙具备了成为移动支付标准的许多有利条件，由此可见，作者认为蓝牙在移动支付方面的前景是光明的，因此[D]为正确答案。acceptable的意思为“能够接受的”，对其前景没有期待，与文章最后一段表达的内容不符，故排除[A]；文章自始至终都没有提到蓝牙技术的盈利性，故排除[B]；从第一段开始，作者就对蓝牙技术的低能耗大加赞赏，接下来，还提到了它的精确度与多功能性，因此，作者并不认为蓝牙十分普通，故排除[C]。
5
What category of writing does the passage belong to?
A.
Narration.
B.
Description.
C.
Exposition.
D.
Argumentation.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
体裁题。文章第一段引入了蓝牙这一主题。接下来，文章的大部分内容都用来介绍蓝牙的优势，最后一段点明蓝牙有希望成为移动支付的新标准，因此，文章从整体上来说，都是在阐述作者的观点：蓝牙技术十分有可能成为未来移动支付领域的标准，故[D]为正确答案。文章不是叙述故事，也不是对人或物的简单描写，也不是在介绍使用方法或是操作的注意事项，因此排除[A]、[B]和[C]。
There's this great recurring “Saturday Night Live” skit from several years back where Phil Hartman plays an unfrozen caveman who goes to law school.He pontificates on the American judicial system while marveling at modern technology like “the tiny people in the magic box” (a TV).It fits a common stereotype: Human ancestors were, well, cavemen, and not as smart as we are today.A new hypothesis from a Stanford geneticist tries to turn this stereotype upside down.
Human intelligence may have actually peaked before our ancient predecessors ever left Africa, Gerald Crabtree writes in two new journal articles.Genetic mutations during the past several millennia are causing a decline in overall human intellectual and emotional fitness, he says.Evolutionary pressure no longer favors intellect, so the problem is getting worse.He is careful to say that this is taking quite a long time, so it's not like your grandparents are models of brilliance while your children will be cavemen rivaling Hartman's SNL character.But he does maintain that an ancient Athenian, plucked from 1000 BC, would be “among the brightest and most intellectually alive of our colleagues and companions.”
His central thesis is that each generation produces deleterious mutations, so down the line of human history, our intelligence is ever more impaired compared to that of our predecessors.
Not surprisingly, the hypothesis, published in the journal Trends in Genetics, has several geneticists scratching their heads.
“It takes thousands of genes to build a human brain, and mutations in any one of those can impair that process, that's absolutely true.It's also true that with each new generation, new mutations arise...but Crabtree ignores the other side of the equation, which is selection,” said Kevin Mitchell, associate professor at the Smurfit Institute of Genetics at Trinity College Dublin.“Natural selection is incredibly powerful, and it definitely has the ability to weed out new mutations that significantly impair intellectual ability.There are various aspects in these papers that I think are really just thinking about things in a wrong way.”
Crabtree said he wanted to examine the cumulative effect of generation-to-generation mutation on intelligence, which is thought to be controlled by many genes.Using indexes that measure X-chromosome-related mental retardation, he comes up with between 2,000 and 5,000 genes related to human intellectual ability.Using another index measuring average mutations that arise in each generation of children, he calculates that within 3,000 years, “we have all sustained two or more mutations harmful to our intellectual or emotional stability.”
“There is a general feeling that evolution constantly improves us, but it only does that if there is selection applied,” Crabtree said in an interview.“In this case, it is questionable about how much selection is occurring now compared to the process of optimizing those genes, which occurred in the jungles of Africa 500,000 years ago.”
There's already evidence for this in other areas, he argues: Take our sense of smell.Humans have far fewer olfactory receptors than other animals, he said—we're guided by our intellect now, not by smell.We can think about where a piece of food came from, how it was processed, which plant it's from, who has been around it, and so on.A dog, on the other hand, simply sniffs something and either eats it or doesn't.
Similarly, he believes evolution now selects for other traits—namely, the most healthy and the most immune, not the most intelligent.
But geneticists took issue with his claims, not to mention his citations and methods.Mitchell took issue with Crabtree's characterization of genes—he describes them as links in a chain, with incredible overall disruptive power.They're like a bulb on a string of Christmas tree lights that suddenly fails to work, taking out the entire strand with it: “It can be concluded that genes related to intelligence do not operate as a robust network, but rather as links in a chain, failure of any one of which leads to intellectual disability,” he writes.Mitchell countered that this ignores other genes that don't cause intellectual disability.
“Biological systems are robust to degradation of several different components,” Mitchell said.“Evolution has gone to a lot of trouble to craft your genome so it's finely honed to do its job, and it doesn't make sense that you would have all this random mutation in your brain cells.Also, you would have a very high rate of brain cancer.”
6
According to the passage, “Saturday Night Live” skit is a__________
A.
TV series with a playful spirit.
B.
documentary on human ancestors.
C.
talk show on exotic experiences.
D.
radio program on modern technology.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。根据第一段的描述可知，《周六夜现场》是一档具有调侃风格、以轻松搞笑为目的并结合现今社会话题的滑稽短剧，类似于一些情景喜剧，故[A]为正确答案。根据本剧的性质和内容，可排除[B]“关于人类先祖的纪录片”、[C]“关于异国经历的脱口秀节目”和[D]“关于现代技术的广播节目”。
7
Which of the following would Gerald Crabtree most likely DISAGREE with?
A.
Genetic mutations play a significant part in the decline of human intelligence.
B.
Harmful mutations tend to be unchangeable and easy to get rid of.
C.
Human beings today are no longer pressured to improve their intellect.
D.
Natural selection is useful in the process of evolution only on some occasions.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
态度题。根据第二段和第五段可知，克拉布特认为基因变异在人类智力的衰退过程中起着重要作用，进化过程如今已不再选择更优智力，因此人们再也不像先祖那样在智力的发展方面存在压力，所以与智力有关的基因已不再那么活跃，综上所述，[A]和[C]都是克拉布特认同的观点，故均排除；同时得出[B]“有害的变异不易变化，且易于清除”与其观点相抵触，故选[B]；根据第七段可知，克拉布特认为只有自然选择被运用时人类才会得到改善，比起五十万年前人类先祖迫于生存而使基因最优化的过程，究竟有多大程度的自然选择正在发生还不确定，因此[D]“进化过程中，自然选择仅在一些场合下起作用”符合其观点，故也排除。
8
Kevin Mitchell raises doubts about Gerald Crabtree's hypothesis in all the following aspects EXCEPT its ________
A.
self-contradictory nature.
B.
neglect of the power of natural selection.
C.
research methodology and references.
D.
characterization of genes.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。根据第十段可知，米切尔除了质疑克拉布特采用的研究方法和参考文献外，对其在基因特性的描述上也提出了异议；另外根据第五段可知，米切尔认为克拉布特在提出进化压力不再对智力有利、与智力有关的基因正在产生更多的有害变异时，并未考虑到进化过程中自然选择的强大作用，其观点比较片面，综上所述，[B]、[C]和[D]都是米切尔对克拉布特的假说提出质疑的具体方面，故都排除；[A]“此假说自相矛盾的本质”未在文中提及，故选[A]。
9
At the end of the passage, Kevin Mitchell implies that___________
A.
the biological system is very delicate and its balance is easily broken.
B.
after a long and hard process, human genes come to what they are today.
C.
genetic mutations in the human body are developed in a casual manner.
D.
some people may have a higher risk of brain cancer than others.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。根据倒数第二段可知，米切尔首先指出克拉布特关于基因的描述具有片面性，认为“基因的运转就像一个链条，链条上的任何一个环节出故障都会引起整体性的破坏”这一论点忽视了其他并未引发智力障碍的基因；接着在最后一段指出生物系统是一个坚固的整体，一些组成成分的退化不会影响到它；进化过程历经考验打造了人类的基因整体，因此它完全胜任自己的工作，即使某些基因产生了有害的变异，也不是随机或偶然发生的，故[B]为正确答案，同时排除[A]和[C]。米切尔虽在文章最后一句提到了脑癌，但只是举例支撑自己的观点，无法就此推断有些人得脑癌的几率可能大于其他人，故排除[D]。
10
Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.
New Hypothesis Against a Common Stereotype
B.
The Pros and Cons of Genetic Mutations
C.
Human Intelligence—Declined or Not?
D.
Evolution Process and Human Intellect
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
主旨题。作者以一部滑稽短剧开场，借古论今，指出剧中反映的现代人比人类祖先更聪明的普遍观点，随后笔锋一转，介绍了遗传学家克拉布特提出的新假说，即现代人不一定比他们的祖先聪明，甚至在过去几千年间人类的智力正在逐渐衰退。作者接着介绍了克拉布特的主要观点、实验内容和方法，同时陈述了另一位遗传学家凯文?米切尔对克拉布特假说的反驳。综上所述，[C]“人类智力已经走下坡路了吗？”最能概括全文大意，故为正确答案。[A]“一个与传统见解相左的新假说”只是文章的部分内容，故排除；[B]“基因突变的利与弊”不是两位科学家争论的焦点，故排除；[D]“进化过程与人类智力”是文中辩论的大背景，但辩论双方所聚焦的是这一背景下的基因突变等问题是否造成了人类智力的衰退，故排除；[D]并未凸显辩论的中心词“衰退”，而且过于宽泛，故也排除。
You are what you eat, or so the saying goes.But Richard Wrangham, of Harvard University, believes that this is true in a more profound sense than the one implied by the old proverb.It is not just you who are what you eat, but the entire human species.And with Homo sapiens, what makes the species unique in Dr.Wrangham9s opinion is that its food is so often cooked.
Cooking is a human universal.No one other than a few faddists tries to survive on raw food alone.And the consumption of a cooked meal is normal in every known society.Moreover, without cooking, the human brain (which consumes 20-25% of the body's energy) could not keep running.Dr.Wrangham thus believes that cooking and humanity are coeval.
In fact, he thinks that cooking and other forms of preparing food are humanity's “killer app”: the evolutionary change that underpins all of the other—and subsequent—changes that have made people such unusual animals.
Humans because human with the emergence 1.8m years ago of a species called Homo erectus.This had a skeleton much like modern man's—a big, brain-filled skull and a narrow pelvis and rib cage, which imply a small abdomen and thus a small gut.Hitherto, the explanation for this shift from the smaller skulls and wider pelvises of man's apelike ancestors has been a shift from a vegetable-based diet to a meat-based one.Meat has more calories than plant matter, the theory went.A smaller gut could therefore support a larger brain.
Dr.Wranghttm disagrees.When you do the sums, he argues, raw meat is still insufficient to bridge the gap.He points out that even modern “raw foodists”, members of a town-dwelling, back-to-nature social movement f struggle to maintain their weight—and they have access to animals and plants that have been bred for the table.Pre-agricultural man confined to raw food would have starved.
Start cooking, however, and things change radically.Cooking alters food in three important ways.It breaks starch molecules into more digestible fragments.It “denatures” protein molecules, so that their amino-acid chains unfold and digestive enzymes can attack them more easily.And heat physically softens food.That makes it easier to digest, so even though the stuff is no more calorific, the body uses fewer calories dealing with it.
In support of his thesis, Dr.Wrangham, who is an anthropologist, has ransacked other fields and come up with an impressive array of material.Cooking increases the share of food digested in the stomach and small intestine, where it can be absorbed, from 50% to 95%.Previous studies had suggested raw food was digested equally well as cooked food because they looked at faeces being the end product.These, however, have been exposed to the digestive mercies of bacteria in the large intestine, and any residual goodies have been removed from them that way.
Another telling experiments conducted on rata, did not rely on cooking.Rather the experimenters ground up food pellets and then recompacted them to make them softer.Rats fed on the softer pellets weighed 30% more after 26 than those fed the same weight of standard pellets.The difference was because of the lower cost of digestion.Indeed, Dr.Wrangham suspects the main cause of the modern epidemic of obesity is not overrating but the rise of processed foods.These are softer, because that is what people prefer.Indeed, the nerves from the taste buds meet in a part of the brain called the amygdala with nerves that convey information on the softness of food.It is only after these two qualities have been compared that the brain assesses how pleasant a mouthful actually is.
The archaeological evidence for ancient cookery is equivocal.Digs show that both modem humans and Neanderthals controlled fire in a way that almost certainly means they could cook, and did so at least 200,000 years ago.Since the last common ancestor of the two species lived more than 400,000 years ago, fire-control is probably at least as old as that, for they lived in different parts of the world, and so could not have copied each other.
Older alleged sites of human fires are more susceptible to other interpretations, but they do exist.And traces of fire are easily wiped out, so the lack of direct evidence for them is no surprise.Instead, Dr.Wrangham is relying on a compelling chain of logic.And in doing so he may have cast light not only on what made humanity, but on one of the threats it faces today.
11
According to the passage, which of the following factors does NOT help improve digestion?
A.
More calories provided by meat-based diet.
B.
Increased softness of food which reduces the energy needed to digest.
C.
Bacteria contained in large intestine.
D.
Starch and protein molecules being made easier to break down.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。第六段后半部分指出，烹饪使淀粉和蛋白质分子更易分解消化，并且使食物软化，第七段末句又指出大肠内的细菌可以帮助消化残留物，因而[B]“食物的柔软度提高，减少了消化食物所需的能量”、[C]“大肠中的细菌”和[D]“使淀粉和蛋白质分子更易于分解”都是有利于消化的因素，故均排除。肉类食物的确能提供更多热量，但并不能改善消化，因此选[A]“肉类食物提供的更多热量”。
12
Dr.Wrangham conducted the experiment on rats which did not rely on cooking because
A.
increased weight is not caused by overeating cooked food.
B.
rats in the nature never eat cooked food.
C.
he wanted to test whether the softness of food alone would affect absorption.
D.
rats would overeat cooked food.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。第八段中介绍的这项没有使用烹饪的实验，是为了论证第六段中提出的烹饪给食品带来的第三种变化：将食品软化，从而减少为了消化食物所耗费的能量。通过这一与烹饪无关的实验可知，其中体重增加的老鼠所吃的食物除了更柔软之外，和标准食物小球没有任何不同，所以在分析实验结果时可以排除其他因素的干扰，放心地做这样的推断：食物的软硬程度能明显影响体重，因此选[C]。
13
What is the role of the 7th and 8th paragraphs in the development of the topic?
A.
To illustrate how cooking provides more calories by facilitating absorption and reducing energy consumption.
B.
To make a comparison between the patterns of digestion of human and other species.
C.
To show that cooking is not the only way to improve digestion.
D.
To prove that obesity may not be caused by overeating.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
篇章题。第六段提出论点：烹饪使淀粉和蛋白质分子更易分解消化，并且使食物软化，减少消化过程所耗费的热量。第七段和第八段则分别予以分析论证，因此[A]“说明烹饪如何促进吸收和减少热量消耗，从而提供更多热量”正确。这两段没有对人类和鼠类等其他物种的消化方式作对比，因此可排除[B]“对人类与其他物种的消化方式进行对比”；[C]“说明烹饪不是改善消化的唯—手段”和[D]“证明肥胖症或许不是过量进食导致的”的说法的确在第八段中得到印证，但并不能全面概括第七段和第八段的整体作用,所以也应排除。
14
Which of the following claims would Dr.Wrangham disagree with?
A.
The shift from a vegetable-based diet to a meat-based one was an essential step in human evolution.
B.
It is not yet clear when exactly human learned how to control fire.
C.
With bacteria in large intestine, human body can still digest and absorb raw food as well as cooked food.
D.
Modern humans did not learn how to use fire from Neanderthals.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
态度題。根据第五段可知，朗罕博士认为吃生肉不足以补充所需的全部额外热量，但并不否认人类从吃植物为主转向以吃肉类为主的确增加了热量的摄入，对身体的发育和进化是很重要的，故[A]“从以植物类食物为主转变为以肉类食物为主是人类进化中的关键一步”正确，故排除；根据最后两段可知，有关人类在远古时期用火烹饪的考古学证据并不十分严密，故[B]“尚未查明人类究竟如何学会使用火”正确，故排除；而且现代人和尼安德特人的居住地相去甚远，不太可能彼此模仿如何用火，更有可能的是他们共同的祖先已经学会使用火，故[D]“现代人并非从尼安德特人那里学会如何使用火”正确，故排除。第七段尽管证明了大肠在细菌的帮助下可以彻底地分解残留物，弥补了生食在小肠中消化率较低的不足，但结合第四段来看，现代生食主义者只能勉强维持体重，可见，人体消化吸收生食所获得的热量仍不如熟食，所以[C]“借助大肠中的细菌，人体仍可消化吸收生食和熟食”不符合朗罕博士的论点，故为答案。
15
Which of the following chains describes the right process of human evolution?
A.
Apelike ancestors→Homo sapiens→modern humans.
B.
Apelike ancestors→Homo erectus→modern humans and Neanderthals.
C.
Homo sapiens→Homo erectus→modern humans.
D.
Homo erectus→Neanderthals→modern humans.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。文中提到多个人类进化的不同阶段，凭借相关的细节描述可以对先后顺序做出判断。 第一段尚未触及人类的进化问题，只是笼统地讨论人类的特殊性，故Homo sapiens（智人）就是现代人类；第四段提到Homo erectus（直立人）出现于180万年前，骨骼与现代人相似，又与类人猿有很大不同，因此介于现代人类和类人猿之间；第九段阐述：现代人和尼安德特人都生活于20万年前，而且居住地彼此相距遥远，有共同的祖先，可知他们彼此没有前后相继的关系，而且晚于直立人。所以正确的顺序是：类人猿→直立人→现代人（即智人）和尼安德特人，故选[B]。
16
What is the main idea of this passage?
A.
Fire-control is essential for human species to learn how to cook.
B.
Obesity may be caused by cookery.
C.
Living on a cooked, meat-based diet is a healthy way of life.
D.
Cooking is actually fundamental for the evolution of human species.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
主旨题。文章第一段末尾指出：（朗罕博士认为）人类之所以成为人类，正是由于我们会烹调食物；第三段又进一步阐述了这一观点，指出人类进化到学会烹饪，这为其他一系列进化提供了条件，这些进化导致了人类的形成。下文则具体论证了这一观点，指出烹饪帮助肠胃更好地分解淀粉和蛋白质；烹饪使食物软化，从而减少了消化食物所需的能量；消化的改善有助于摄入更多的热量，从而帮助大脑和身体的发育转变。[A]“使用火的本领对人类学会如何烹饪至关重要”、[B]“肥胖症可能由烹饪术导致”和[C]“吃以肉类为主的熟食是一种健康的生活方式”尽管都在文中提到过，但都比较片面，不能概括整篇文章的内容，因此[D]“烹饪事实上对人类的进化至关重要”是正确答案。
The Internet, wonderful though it is, reinforces one of life's fundamental divisions: that between the literate and the illiterate.Most websites, even those heavy with video content, rely on their users being able to read and—if interactive—write.Building your own site certainly does.
Guruduth Banavar, the director of IBM's India Research Laboratory, wanted to allow people who struggle with literacy to create websites.So he and his colleagues have devised a system based on what is known as “voice extensible markup language", a cousin of the hypertext markup language used on conventional websites that allows a website to be built and operated more or less by voice alone.
The “spoken web” Dr.Banavar hopes to conjure into existence will be based on mobile phones, which are already proving an effective alternative to computers for obtaining information online in poor countries.As well as making voice calls, people can text one another and, if their phones are up to the job, get access to the web.Across the developing world there are a number of successful banking and money-transfer services that rely on mobile phones rather than computers.
Dr.Banavar, however, thinks mobiles could be made to work much harder.His voice sites are hosted on standard computer servers and behave much like conventional websites.At their most basic they are designed for local use, acting as portals through which people can find out such things as when the mobile hospital will next visit their village, the price of rice in the local market and which wells they should use for irrigation, instead of typing in a web address, the user rings the website up.Then, with a combination of voice commands and key presses, he navigates through a spoken list of topics and listens to subjects of interest.
Thai is useful, but not startlingly different from the sort of call-centre hell familiar to anyone who has tried to get information out of a large company by telephone.What makes Dr.Banavar's approach different is that, by selecting an appropriate option with the handset, the user can add content to a voice site by recording a comment that is then made available to others.This can then be accessed as one of the “latest additions” or “most listened to” items in a spoken sub-menu.More important still, though, is that people can use a mobile phone to build their own voice sites—a process that, in trials conducted by the laboratory, even a non-expert could learn in as little as ten minutes.
To build a site the user first selects a suitable template.The system then talks him through the bells and whistles he might wish to add to that template.A carpenter or autorickshaw driver, for example, can advertise his services, receive and confirm offers of work and even undertake basic commercial transactions through such a site.And the site can store offers of work when its owner is unavailable—as often happens in places where several people share a handset.
Like a more conventional website, a voice site has a mechanism by which information can be linked together and browsed, both backwards and forwards.The system IBM employs to achieve this, the hyperspeech transfer protocol (HSTP) , is similar in principle to the hypertext transfer protocol that provides links from one conventional website to another.The HSTP allows, for instance, someone listening to an item on a voice site to bear another linked item and then return to the first one and continue listening from where he left off.
India, one of the world's fastest-growing mobile-phone markets9 is an obvious place to try all this out.Although more than a third of its population of 1.2 billion now have a handset, they are often basic devices shared among families and friends.IBM is therefore carrying out trials of the spoken web in several parts India—and, in collaboration with various other groups, in other countries.
Users will have to make calls, and those calls will cost money.But, Dr.Banavar thinks, there are many ways of paying for them.Public-service sites such as local portals might be toll-free and subsidised by governments.Commercial sites could take a small percentage of any transaction carried out over them.Advertising might also provide revenue.It would, after all, be more difficult for the listener to screen out than the visual adverts seen on a conventional site.
17
To create their voice sites, the illiterate may need the help of IBM and other groups in the following aspects EXCEPT
A.
offering them hosting computer servers.
B.
providing them with templates.
C.
teaching them voice extensible markup language.
D.
finding a way to pay their phone bill.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。本文虽然介绍了语音网站能给文盲带来各种便利，但从文中的介绍来看，文盲毕竟不能凭空创建和使用语音网站，仍需要一些不可缺少的条件：第四段第二句指出语音网站需要计算机服务器的托管，故排除[A]；第六段首句指出创建语音网站需要选择合适的模板，故排除[B]；最后一段指出使用语音网站需要找到合适的方式支付产生的电话费，例如寻求政府补贴，或者以收听广告来换取免除电话费。特别是文盲一般也是社会中的弱势群体，在没有外界帮助的情况下很难创造成获取上述资源，故排除[D]；第五段末句指出一个外行在10分钟内就能学会创建语音网站，可见，懂得“语音拓展标记语言”并不是必需的，故[C]为正确签案。
18
Which of the following statements about voice sites is INCORRECT?
A.
They are in many ways similar to conventional websites.
B.
Blind people may use them too.
C.
They do not require a computer server.
D.
Anyone who can speak and hear is able to use them through phone.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。第三段首句指出，语音网站使用的终端设备是移动电话而非计算机，但第四段第二句指出语音网站和传统网站一样也需要计算机服务器的托管，故[C]符合题意。文中介绍了语音网站和传统网站的不同点和各自的优势，同时二者也有很多相似之处，例如第二段末尾提到，二者都可以实现互动功能，语音拓展标记语言和超文本标记语言是“近亲”，超语音传输协议与超文本传输协议也很相似等，故[A]的说法正确，可排除；第四段最后两句指出，用户创建和使用语音网站只需要通过电话输入指令、收听和录制内容，不需要读写文字，因而不仅文盲可以使用，事实上具有听说能力的盲人也可使用，故[B]和[D]的说法正确，可故排除。
19
The passage implies that voice sites
A.
cannot be used by those who don't own a mobile phone.
B.
can help the illiterate workers improve their income.
C.
are growing very fast in India.
D.
may replace conventional websites one day.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。第六段倒数第二句以木匠或机动三轮车司机为例，说明普通劳动者可以利用语音网站给自己做广告招揽生意，并接收和确认订单甚至在线完成交易，这将极大地帮助文化水平不高的个体劳动者经营创收，故[B]正确。第六段末句和第八段第二句都指出手机可以由多人共同使用，因而即使自己没有手机，也可以借用他人的手机使用语音网站，故排除[A]；第八段只是指出印度手机市场发展很快，但语音网站尚处于试验阶段，文中并未表示其在印度正在快速发展，故排除[C]；尽管语音网站能为文盲提供很多便利，但文中并未表示它有取代传统网站之势，传统网站（包含文字、语音、视频等丰富内容）仍将是主流，故排除[D]。
20
Which of the following contrasts is NOT implied in the passage?
A.
Voice site and conventional website.
B.
Voice extensible markup language and hypertext markup language.
C.
Voice site and call-centre.
D.
Hyperspeech transfer protocol and hypertext transfer protocol.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
修辞题。文中多处比较了传统网站和语音网站的不同，例如使用的计算机语言、终端设备（前者主要使用计算机，后者使用电话）、操作方式等。文章第七段比较了语音拓展标记语言和超文本标记语言，它们的不同之处在于前者在很大程度上仅仅允许通过语音来建设和操作网站。第五段比较了语音网站与呼叫中心，不同之处在于前者还允许用户录制和添加自己的内容。对于超语音传输协议与超文本传输协议并未做对比，只是在第七段中指出了二者的相似性，因而语音网站也能实现一些类似于传统网站的功能,故[D]正确。
21
What is the tone of the passage?
A.
Instructive.
B.
Introductory.
C.
Ironical.
D.
Unsatisfied.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
态度题。通读全文可知，本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了语音网站的原理、使用方法、益处以及试验推广情况，故[B]“介绍性的”为正确答案。本文主旨并非是对读者进行某种教育,故排除[A]“有教育意义的”，全文以介绍性语言为主，并未使用讽刺的语气，故排除[C]“讽刺的”；文中并未体现作者的不满情绪，而且，从第八段中作者所举的例子来看，语音网站是可以为那些不具备读写能力的劳动者提供实际帮助的，第八段也表明，作者认为语音网站在印度是有发展前途的，故排除[D]“不满意的”。
In last week's Tribune, there was an interesting letter from Mr.J.Stewart Cook, in which he suggested that the best way of avoiding the danger of a “scientific hierarchy” would be to see to it that every member of the genera] public was, as far as possible9scientifically educated.At the same time, scientists should be brought out of their isolation and encouraged to take a greater part in politics and administration.
As a general statement, I think most of us would agree with this, but I notice that, as usual, Mr.Cook does not define science, and merely implies in passing that it means certain exact sciences whose experiments can be made under laboratory conditions.Thus, adult education tends “to neglect scientific studies in favor of literary, economic and social subjects”, economics and sociology not being regarded as branches of science, apparently.This point is of great importance.For the word science is at present used in at least two meanings, but the whole question of scientific education is obscured by the current tendency to dodge from one meaning to the other.
Science is generally taken as meaning either (a) the exact sciences, such as chemistry, physics, etc., or (b) a method of thought which obtains verifiable results by reasoning logically from observed fact.
If you ask any scientist, or indeed almost any educated person, “What is science?” you are likely to get an answer approximating to (b).In everyday life, however, both in speaking and in writing, when people say “science” they mean (a).Science means something that happens in a laboratory: test-tubes, balances, Bunsen burners, microscopes.A biologist, an astronomer, perhaps a psychologist or a mathematician9 is described as a “man of science”: no one would think of applying this term to a statesman, a poet, a journalist or even a philosopher.And those who tell us that the young must be scientifically educated mean, almost invariably, that they should be taught more about radioactivity, or the stars, or the physiology of their own bodies, rather than that they should be taught to think more exactly.
This confusion of meaning, which is partly deliberate, has in it a great danger.Implied in the demand for more scientific education is the claim that if one has been scientifically trained one's approach to all subjects will be more intelligent than if one had had no such training.A scientist's political opinions, it is assumed, his opinions on sociological questions, on morals, on philosophy, perhaps even on the arts will be more valuable than those of a layman.But a “scientist”, as we have just seen, means in practice a specialist in one of the exact sciences.It follows that a chemist or physicist, as such, is politically more intelligent than a poet or a lawyer.And, in fact, there are already millions of people who do believe this.
But is it really true that a “scientist”, in this narrower sense, is any likelier than other people to approach non-scientific problems in an objective way? There is not much reason for thinking so.Take one simple test—the ability to withstand nationalism.It is often loosely said that “Science is international”, but in practice the scientific workers of all countries line up behind their own governments with fewer scruples than are felt by the writers and the artists.The German scientific community, as a whole, made no resistance to Hitler.There were plenty of gifted men to do the necessary research on such things as synthetic oil, jet planes, rocket projectiles and the atomic bomb.
On the other hand, what happened to German literature when the Nazis came to power? I believe no exhaustive lists have been published, but I imagine that the number of German scientists—Jew apart—who voluntarily exiled themselves or were persecuted by the regime was much smaller than the number of writers and journalists.More sinister than this, a number of German scientists swallowed the monstrosity of “racial science”.
But does this mean that the general public should not be more scientifically educated? On the contrary! All it means is that scientific education for the masses will do little good, and probably a lot of harm, if it simply boils down to more physics, more chemistry, more biology, etc.to the detriment of literature and history.Its probable effect on the average human being would be to narrow the range of his thoughts and make him more than ever contemptuous of such knowledge as he did not possess; and his political reactions would probably be somewhat less intelligent than those of an illiterate peasant who retained a few historical memories and a fairly sound aesthetic sense.
Clearly, scientific education ought to mean the implanting of a rational, skeptical, experimental habit of mind.It ought to mean acquiring a method—a method that can be used on any problem that one meets—and not simply piling up a lot of facts.Put it in those words, and the apologist of scientific education will usually agree.Press him further, ask him to particularize, and somehow it always turns out that scientific education means more attention to the exact sciences, in other words—more facts.The idea that science means a way of looking at the world, and not simply a body of knowledge, is in practice strongly resisted.I think sheer professional jealousy is part of the reason for this.
22
We know from the second paragraph that the author considers the present definition of the word “science”
A.
ambiguous.
B.
ambivalent.
C.
questionable.
D.
inappropriate.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。第二段第二句指出，那么，说成人教育往往会“忽视那些有利于文学、经济学和社会学科的研究”，显然是指经济学和社会学不属于科学的分支。这一点非常重要。因为目前“科学”一词至少有两重意思，而科学教育的整体问题被目前取此舍彼的趋向弄含混了。可见，作者认为“科学”的定义含混不清，故[A]为答案。
23
When people are talking about science, they may NOT refer to
A.
physics.
B.
physiology.
C.
philosophy.
D.
psychology.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。第四段第四句指出，生物学家、天文学家，也许还有心理学家或数学家都可以被称为“科学工作者”，但没有人会想把这个称呼用在政治家、诗人、记者乃至于哲学家身上。由此可知，哲学是日常生活中不被认为是科学的学科，物理学虽然没有明确提及，但它是基于实验基础的学科，显然也属于人们通常认为的科学范畴，故选[C]，同时排除其他三项。
24
Which of the following is INCORRECT as regards scientists?
A.
Many people assume that scientists can do well in handling political affairs.
B.
German scientists did research on atomic bombs.
C.
Generally people don't regard an economist as a scientist.
D.
Scientists prefer laboratory work to administration.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。第五段最后指出，那么接下去的推论就是这样的化学家或物理学家在政治上要比诗人或律师更有智慧。事实上已经有数以百万计的人对此深信不疑，故[A]符合文意。第六段最后一句指出，始终有许多才俊之士在对合成油料、喷气飞机、火箭和原子弹之类做必要的研究，故[B]符合文意；第二段第二句指出，说成人教育往往会“忽视那些有利于文学、经济学和社会学科的研究”，显然是指经济学和社会学不属于科学的分支，故[C]符合文意。只有[D]没有提及，故为答案。
25
The author contrasts German science with German literature to support his viewpoint that
A.
German literature has long been persecuted by the government.
B.
writers are the most disruptive force of a government.
C.
scientists are more inclined to support their governments than writers.
D.
German scientists should not on the side of the racists.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。第六段第四句指出，人们常笼统地说“科学无国界”，但实际上，所有国家的科学工作者在追随本国政府方面比起作家和艺术家而言，顾忌更少。显然在随后两段中作者阐述德国科学家和艺术家的例子是为了说明上面的观点，故[C]为答案。第七段中提到了德国文学家受到迫害，但这是支持观点的细节，而非观点，因此排除[A]；[B]虽然属于观点，但不是作者在将德国科学家和文学家进行对比论述时支持的论点，故排除；同理可以排除[D]。
26
An average person ignorant of history is compared with an illiterate farmer with historical memories to show that
A.
in scientific education, the teaching of history shouldn't be neglected.
B.
history is important for a person who wants to be outstanding.
C.
history is the most important subject in scientific education.
D.
in scientific education, more history courses should be provided.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。倒数第二段前三句指出，但这是不是说普通大众不应该接受更多的科学教育呢？恰恰相反！这只是在说，大众科学教育如果简单地归结为更多的物理、化学和生物教育，而忽略了文学和历史，就会不但无益反有大害。接下来进一步将没有历史知识的普通人和无知无识的农民进行对比，其目的显然是为了说明前面的历史知识很重要的观点，故[A]为答案。
27
The passage can be best summarized as
A.
contrasting science with literature.
B.
explaining what science is.
C.
giving a better definition of science.
D.
pointing out people's misunderstanding of science.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
主旨题。开篇以一封来信指出目前“科学”一词至少有两重意思，在给出“科学”的两个定义后，阐释常人对科学定义的错误认识，这种错误认识包含极大的危险，普通大众应该得到更多的科学教育。但科学教育不能简单地归结为更多的物理、化学和生物教育，而忽略文学和历史。科学教育应当是指培养一种理性的、怀疑的、实验的思维习惯。显然全文的焦点在于科学的定义，通过具体阐述什么是科学，给出自己的建议，故[B]为答案。[A]、[D]都是文章的部分内容，不全面；文中说人们对科学的两个定义认识不清，并没说定义本身有问题，排除[C]。
One of the obvious problems with predicting the future effects of climate change is that they haven't happened.This makes climate studies highly dependent on models, which invariably and unavoidably make simplifying assumptions.This means that using their results to say anything of practical import needs care and caveats, both of which can often be in short supply, or stripped out to make a point.
However, it is now ever more possible for studies of climate change to look at the past, not the future.The 20th century saw a fair amount of warming, and it is sometimes possible to compare what this warming did and didn't do with what future warming might or might not do.This is what a paper published in Nature this week does in an attempt to re-examine, and perhaps close down, long-running debates about malaria and climate change.
Both the malaria parasite and the mosquitoes which spread it respond to temperature and moisture.Understanding those responses makes it possible to model what changes in climate might mean to the incidence of the disease.Such models have suggested that in a warmer world the area subject to endemic malaria would increase, perhaps quite a lot, though some places would see a reduction due to increased aridity.The caveats here include noting that the climate models can make no great claims to accuracy at the regional level and that such an approach does almost nothing to deal with changes in land use, wealth and public health programs.
One of the main thrusts of the new Nature paper is to see how much of what happened to the spread of malaria in the 20th century can be explained by what happened to the climate.The answer, according to Peter Gething of Oxford University and his colleagues, is not much.They conclude that claims that a warming climate has led to more widespread disease and death due to malaria are largely at odds with the evidence, which shows the areas effected shrinking, and the size of the effect shrinking too.Increases in the spread and severity of the disease burden foreseen over the next 40 years by the biological models are far smaller than the decreases in comparable measures seen over the past century.
The second tack of their argument is to compare the sort of effect seen in biology-based models of where malaria might spread with both models of and data on the effects direct intervention against the disease can have.Again the effects due to climate are small, even negligible, compared with the effects that interventions have achieved already and might achieve in decades to come.The marginal areas where climate might enlarge the area at risk are also, the article argues, the areas where the greatest declines in transmission have recently been seen thanks to increased intervention.
The conclusion is clear.People who are thinking about what to do about malaria should bear in mind that the biological basis of its distribution may change in a warmer world.Those thinking about the overall danger that climate change represents should not spend their time worrying about its impact on malaria.
Is there a wider conclusion to draw about computer models such as those that underlay frightening statements about malaria in a climate-changed world? Perhaps; but like the models themselves, it comes with caveats.
Scientists tend to model what can be modeled, and natural scientists, in particular, tend to prefer models that incorporate at least some aspects of the underlying processes which they are interested in, rather than working purely on empirical correlations.This means that if you search the scientific literature for approaches to the future, you will tend to find answers based on natural processes.If other knowledge suggests that natural processes aren't the most important aspect of the problem at hand, then it's a good idea to look at the models with that provision in the forefront of your mind.
The other vital lesson is that the caveats matter.Pretty much every paper presenting a biology-based model of malaria's dependence on climate contains a warning that changes in economy, technology and society matter too, and aren't in the model.To transmit the model's results without important caveats is reckless.
If one is going to be optimistic about the future of malaria, one might also, with caution, be optimistic about the future of assessments of climate change.Things can, over time, get better, especially when the record of what has happened to date gets taken seriously.They will do so quicker if people accept both the usefulness and limits of models of the future, as well as the appeal of models of the past.
28
The major defect of the current climate-study models lies in their__________
A.
simplifying assumptions.
B.
comparative methodology.
C.
arbitrary assertions.
D.
heavy dependence on future.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。第一段第二、三句指出，气候研究严重依赖于模型，而模型不可避免地会做一些简化的假设。这就意味着模型结果需要谨慎和附加说明，而这些防止误解的说明往往被忽略，由此可以推断，当前气候研究模型的缺陷不是简化的假设，而是简单地从假设中推出结论，因此排除[A]、[D]，故[C]为正确将案。第一段第一句指出，以未来为导向的气候研究是有问题的，但问题不在于其比较方法，而在于它们尚未发生，故排除[B]。
29
What conclusion might be drawn about current models on malaria and climate change from the third paragraph?
A.
They do not take other factors like human interventions into consideration.
B.
They compare the effect predicted in the future with that of the past.
C.
They predict the result precisely even at regional level but do not claim it.
D.
They suggest that malaria increases in case of drought.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。第三段最后一句的后半句指出，该类模型没有考虑到土地使用、财产和公共卫生项目等因素，而这些都有明显的人为干预的痕迹，故[A]正确。由前两段可知，该类模型的研究是以未来为导向的，并未和过去的影响作对比，故排除[B]；第三段最后一句的前半句提到，该类模型无法达到区域级的准确性，故排除[C]；第三段第三句指出，该模型表明湿度越高，疟疾暴发的可能性就越大，而一些地方会为干旱而减少疟疾的爆发率，故排除[D]。
30
The Nature paper suggests_____ may be an influential factor affecting malaria.
A.
warmer climate
B.
human involvement
C.
drought
D.
biology diversity
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。第五段第二句指出，相对于各种干预措施而言，气候对疟疾的影响是微乎其微的，傲乎；最后一句接着提到，得益于进一步的干预，疟疾传播的区域已经大幅度减少，可见，人为干预是影响疟疾传播的重要因素之一，故[B]正确。第四段第三句指出，气候变暖使疟疾的传播区域扩大的说法是没有证据的，故排除[A]和[C]；[D]是根据“biology-based models”衍生出来的无关选项，故排除。
31
Which of the following statements is CORRECT as for the new Nature paper?
A.
The paper found that the warming climate had led to more malaria.
B.
The paper aroused disputes about malaria and climate change after publication.
C.
The paper concluded that the spread of malaria could be explained by climate changes.
D.
The paper tried to study climate changes on malaria during the past 20th century.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。第二段推出，现在研究气候变化不一定要从未来着手，从历史角度出发也成为一种可能；20世纪见证了气候变暖的过程，我们可以将那时候气候变暖的影响与未来气候变暖可能带来的影响作比较，这正是《自然》杂志发表的那篇论文所做的，故[D]符合文意，为正确答案。第四段第三句提到,气候变暖引起疟疾泛滥的说法与事实不符，故排除[A]；第二段最后一句指出，该篇论文可能会结束长期以来关于疟疾和气候变化的争议，故排除[B]；第四段第二句指出，气候变暖无法解释疟疾的泛滥，故排除[C]。
32
Which of the following does the author most probably agree with?
A.
Climate changes have nothing to do with the malaria.
B.
There are scientists who do not treat the data record in an exact way.
C.
Future-oriented climate studies have more advantages than the past-oriented ones.
D.
Important warnings can be saved in conclusions if considered in models.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
态度题。倒数第二段第二句指出，很多以生物模型来研究疟疾对气候的依赖性的文章包含一个警告，即经济、科技和社会也会对此产生影响，但模型中却将其忽略，可见，很多科学家并没有精确地对待数据报告，故[B]正确。第三至五段，作者对原有模型下气候变化引起疟疾传播的结论提出质疑，认为该模型忽略了人为因素，但作者并未表明气候变化与疟疾之间无任何关系，故排除[A]；文章开头便指出以未来为导向的气候研究模型存在问题，并在第二段指出气候研究可以从过去出发，可见，作者并不认为前者比后者更优越，故排除[C]；本文一直强调限制性条件的重要性，因此无论是模型还是结论，限制性条件必不可少，故排除[D]。
The other day, I walked into an airport men’s room, which was empty except for one man, who appeared to be having a loud, animated conversation with a urinal.Ten years ago, I would have turned right around and walked briskly back out of there.One rule my parents stressed when I was a child was: “Never stay in a restroom with a man who talks to the plumbing.”
But, of course, as a modem human, I knew that this man was talking on his cell phone, using one of those earpiece thingies, with the little microphone on the wire, the kind that people feel they must shout at, to make sure their vital messages are getting through.
It’s not clear to me why so many people in airports use the earpiece thingies.Why do they need to keep their hands free? Do they expect some emergency to suddenly arise that will require them to have both hands free while talking?
Or maybe they’re afraid that if they hold the phone next to their head，the radiation will give them brain cancer.If so, an option they might consider is wrapping their heads in aluminum foil.Granted，this would make them look stupid.But not nearly as stupid as they look shouting into their earpiece wires.
So anyway, there I was, in this restroom, standing maybe six feet from this guy, both of us facing the wall, him shouting at his urinal about some business thing involving specifications, and at some point he said “ I swear this is a direct quote —I am handling it.” This caused me to emit an involuntary snorting sound ( not loud; certainly nowhere near as loud as this guy was talking; just a little snortlet) , which caused the guy to stop talking and—violating the No.1 Guy Rule of Restroom Etiquette?—turn his head and look directly at me, so I could sec (using peripheral vision) that he was irritated by my rude interruption of his conversation.Then he went back to shouting at the urinal.
The point is that every key element of this scenario—the cell phone, the airplane, the ripper—is made possible by technology.We know that technology is a wonderful thing.But at what point does technology go too far? Is it fair to say that cell phones, if used thoughtfully and politely, are OK, but that if a person attaches an earpiece thingy and walks around shouting in public, bystanders should be allowed to snatch the wire and sprint off down the airport concourse, with the shouter's earphone, and possibly even the shouter，s detached ear, bouncing gaily behind on the floor?
I think we all agree that the answer is: Yes.When technology goes too far, ordinary citizens must take action.But the question is: How do we define “too far”? I will tell you.We define “too far” as “when scientists start putting weapons on cockroaches.” This is actually happening, according to an article in the Sept.6 issue of Science magazine, brought to my attention by alert reader Richard Sweetman.This article states that researchers at the University of California at Berkeley have been “mounting tiny cannons on the backs of cockroaches.” That is correct: These researchers have been outfitting live cockroaches with backpacks containing “plastic tubes filled with explosives.”
Of course，the researchers have a scientific reason for doing this： They are on LSD.No, really, it has something to do with figuring out how cockroaches have such good balance (You almost never see a cockroach fall off a bicycle.).The researchers have used their findings to construct a working robot roach that is, according to Science, the size of a breadbox.Swell! If there’s anything this world needs more than armed, it's giant, mechanized cockroaches!
Newspaper story from the year 2010: “A homeowner in Santa Rosa, California, was found shot to death in his chicken Friday.Police said the man apparently was felled by 500 rounds of small-bore cannon fire, mostly in ankles，indicating that this was the work of the gang of armed research cockroaches that escaped from a Berkeley lab.Police said the motive in the slaying was apparently a Ring Ding.In a related development, an escaped robot cockroach broke into an Oakland Wal-Mart and made off with an estimated 17 , 000 AA batteries.” Ask yourself：Is that the kind of story you want to read in your newspaper? No, seriously, this is bad.We need somebody in authority to look into this right away.Maybe Dick Cheney could handle it.
33
We can infer from “Never stay in a restroom with a man who talks to the plumbing” in Paragraph One that people
A.
presumed such a man was more or less insane.
B.
were afraid that the man would talk to them.
C.
thought there was something wrong with the plumbing.
D.
believed that the man had mistaken them for other people.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。首段末句指出，小时候，父母曾经一再告诫我：“不要和一个对着马桶说话的男人一起 呆在洗手间里。”第二段首句指出，当然，作为现代人，我知道那个男人是在通过耳机打移动电话…… 该句句首的“but”说明现在与过去有很大的不同，出现对着便池说话的情景不足为奇，由此推出过去 人们认为这样的人有问题，故A.为答案。
34
Which of the following adjectives describes the author’s attitude to using the earpiece thingies?
A.
Surprised.
B.
Considerate.
C.
Contemptuous.
D.
Ambiguous.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
态度题。第三段提出一系列问题表示对那么多人使用耳机的不解。第四段分析原因所在:也许 他们担心如果将手机放在脑袋旁，辐射会让他们得脑癌。如果是这样的话，那么可以考虑用铝箔纸 把头包起来。真这样做的话，他们看起来会很傻。但是也赶不上他们冲着耳机线叫喊那么傻。可见，作者对使用耳机持轻蔑的态度，故C.为答案，同时排除B.；整段都是对使用耳机的调侃，并没有惊奇之意，故排除A.；作者态度非常明确，故排除D.。
35
The mention of a conflict between people with earpiece thingies and bystanders in the sixth paragraph is to
A.
support the author’s opinion in the previous part.
B.
elicit the author’s opinion in the following paragraph.
C.
verify the trueness of the author’s statement.
D.
refute other people’s sympathy for the man.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。第六段末句提出问题:如果能体谅别人并礼貌地使用它，手机就是个好东西，但是如果 一个人带着耳机，走来走去，在公共场所大声地喊叫，那么就应该允许旁边的人扯下那个人的耳机，迅 速穿过机场大厅跑开，很有可能（在扯下那个大声喊叫的人的耳机的同时）还撕下了他的耳朵，其耳朵 还在身后的地面上活蹦乱跳？紧接着第七段指出，我相信我们都同意其答案是肯定的。当科技走得太 远时，普通公民必须采取行动。可见第六段提到的例子是为了引出下段的观点，故B.为答案。
36
Which of the following is INCORRECT of the story mentioned in the last paragraph?
A.
It is imaginary.
B.
It is a warning.
C.
It is a science fiction.
D.
It is set in California.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。末段开头描述了一个2010年的报刊新闻：周五，加利福尼亚一个屋主被发现受枪击死于厨房……一帮带有武器装备的用于实验的蟑螂从伯克利大学的实验室逃跑，杀死了那个人。接着 作者指出，问问自己，那是你想在报纸上看到的故事吗？当然不想了，这很糟糕。我们需要政府当局派人马上调查这一问题。可以看出这个故事是虚构的，场景是在加利福尼亚，是作者对政府的警示，只有C.“科幻小说”没有根据，故为答案。
37
A suitable title for the passage might be________
A.
A Man Talking to Plumbing.
B.
Putting Weapons on Cockroaches.
C.
Modem Technology.
D.
Cannons9Cell Phones and Zippers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
主旨题。本文主要谈论的是高科技给人们带来的一些问题，作者巧妙地以一个在机场厕所看似同便池说话，实际上却是通过耳机进行通话的男人为例，引出自己的观点：科技虽好，但是如果走得 太远，也会给人们带来问题。接着发挥自己的想象力，设想如果蟑螂武装起来，就会对人类进行攻击，以此来提醒政府当局注意适度应用高科技这一问题。文中出现了 “cannons, cell phones and zippers,分别代表了作者用以说明问题的嫜螂的武装、男子使用的手机，它们都是高科技的代表，故D.为答案。
About two-thirds of the world、population is expected to live in cities by the year 2020 and, according to the United Nations approximately 3.7 billion people will inhabit urban areas some ten years later.As cities grow, so do the number of buildings that characterize them: office towers, factories, shopping malls and high-rise apartment building.These structures depend on artificial ventilation systems to keep clean and cool air flowing to the people inside.We know these systems by the term “air-conditioning”.
Although many of us may feel air-conditioner? bring relief from hot, humid or polluted outside air, they pose many potential health hazards.Much research has looked at how the circulation of air inside a closed environment—such as an office building—can spread disease or expose occupants to harmful chemicals.
One of the more widely publicised dangers is that of Legionnaire’s disease 9 which was first recognised in the I970s.This was found to have affected people in buildings with air-conditioning systems in which warm air pumped out of the system’s cooling towers was somehow sucked hack into the air intake, in most cases due to poor design.This warm air wan,to say, the perfect environment for the rapid growth of disease-carrying bacteria originating from outside the building, where it existed in harmless quantities.The warm, bacteria-laden air was combined with cooled, conditioned air and was then circulated around various parts of the building.Studies showed that even people outside such buildings were at risk if they walked past air exhaust ducts.Cases of legionnaire’s disease are becoming fewer with newer system designs and modifications to older systems, but many older buildings, particularly in developing countries, require constant monitoring.
The ways in which air-conditioners work to “clean” the air can inadvertently cause health problems, too.One such way is with the use of an electrostatic precipitator, which removes dust and smoke particles from the air.What precipitators also do, however, is to emit large quantities of positive air ions into the ventilation system.A growing number of studies show that overexposure to positive air ions can result in headaches, fatigue and feelings of irritation.
Large air-conditioning systems add water to the air they circulate by means of humidifiers.In order systems, the water used for this process is kept in special reservoirs, the bottoms of which provide breeding grounds for bacteria and fungi which can find their way into the ventilation system.The risk to human health from this situation has been highlighted by the fact that the immune systems of approximately half of workers in air-conditioned office buildings have developed antibodies to fight off the organisms found at the bottom of system reservoirs.Chemical disinfectants，called “biocides”, that are added to reservoirs to make them germ-free，are dangerous in their own right in sufficient quantities，as they often contain compounds such as pentachlorophenol, which is strongly linked to abdominal cancers.
Finally，it should be pointed out that the artificial climatic environment created by air-conditioners can also adversely affect us.In a natural environment，whether indoor or outdoor, there are small variations in temperature and humidity.Indeed, the human body has long been accustomed to these normal changes.In an air-conditioned living or work environment, however, body temperatures remain well under 37 ℃, our normal temperature.This leads to a weakened immune system and thus greater susceptibility to diseases such as colds and flu.
38
Bacteria came into a ventilation system when
A.
cool air was sucked into it.
B.
warm air was sucked back.
C.
cool air was sucked back.
D.
warm air was sucked into it.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。第三段首句指出，20世纪70年代发现通风设备给空调使用者带来的一个危险就是军 团病。接下来解释了致病原理:从冷却塔压出的热空气又以某种方式被抽回了进气孔，这些热空气 为从室外带进来的致病菌的快速繁殖提供了最佳环境，在室外时，致病菌数量很少,没有危害。可 见，细菌是在热空气被抽吸回来时进入通风系统的，故答案为B.。
39
The word “inadvertently” in the fourth paragraph probably means
A.
intentionally.
B.
indeliberately.
C.
definitely.
D.
imminently.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
语义题。第三段最后两句指出，研究表明在楼房外面的人如果从空调排气管旁走过也会有风 险。由于设计了新的通风系统，对旧系统进行了改造，军团病的病例减少了。但是许多旧楼房，特别 是发展中国家的旧楼房，需要一直进行监控。第四段首句指出，空调系统淸洁空气的方式也会 “inadvertently”带来健康问题。从前面的论述可知,空调系统致病是因其设计不完善而产生的问題， 不是故意所为，故B.为答案，同时排除A.;本段一直提到这种设计缺陷会给人们带来风险，但是不 一定会致病，因此排除C.;空调系统致病已经发生,不是即将发生，故排除D.。
40
Which of the following substance can NOT be found directly from an old ventilation system?
A.
Chemical disinfectants.
B.
Bacteria.
C.
Fungi.
D.
Pentachlorophenol.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。倒数第二段第二句指出，在旧式空调系统中，用于循环的水储存在特制的贮液器中，而 贮液器的底部就是进人通风系统中的细菌和真菌的滋生地。第四句指出，为了达到无菌的目的要在贮液器中加人化学消毒剂，又称“杀菌剂”，当其剂量大到一定程度时也会变得危险，这是因为这类杀 菌剂中往往含有五氯苯酚一类的化合物，后者与腹部癌症的发作有着极其密切的关系。”因此细菌、 真菌和化学消毒剂都是直接的致病因素，故排除A.、B.、C.; “ Pentachlorophenol ”只是消毒剂成 分中的一种物质，不是直接存在于空调系统中的，故答案为D.。
41
Air-conditioning may have ill effect on the human body in all the following ways EXCEPT that
A.
much exposure may make people feel annoyed.
B.
harmful chemicals in the ventilation system may cause cancers.
C.
much exposure to low temperature may cause immune diseases.
D.
people may suffer from headaches in an air-conditioned office.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。第四段末句指出，越来越多的研究表明，过多地接触正离子(在有空调的房间中）会导致头 疼、疲惫，并产生烦躁情绪。故A.和D.是空调系统的负面作用；第五段末句指出,这是因为这类杀菌剂 中往往含有五氯苯酚一类的化合物，后者与腹部癌症的发作有着极其密切的关系。故B.也是危害之一； 末段指出,在有空调的环境下工作或生活，人体免疫系统变得脆弱，因而更容易患上如伤风、流感一类的疾 病。”这里是说免疫力低下，导致伤风、感冒，并非免疫系统疾病，故C.为答案。
42
The main purpose of the passage is to________
A.
introduce the dangers of air-conditioning.
B.
explain the defects of old air-conditioning.
C.
illustrate how air-conditioning affects people’s health.
D.
advocate abandoning old air-conditioning.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
主旨题。作者从第二段开始就指出空调在给我们带来凉爽的同时也会给我们的健康带来危 害。第三段介绍了一种空调病——军团病的致病原理。接下来介绍了空调系统中存在的一些致病 物质，给使用空调的人们的健康带来了重大威胁。全篇反复出现了“ hazards” “ dangers” “ problems" 等单词，可见,本文主旨是介绍空调的危害，故A.为答案。B.和C.都是文章的部分内容，不全 面，故排除;作者并未倡导淘汰旧的空调系统，故排除D.。
Global warming could actually chill down North America within just a few decades, according to a new study that says a sudden cooling event gripped the region about 8,300 years ago.
Analysis of ancient moss from Newfoundland, Canada, links an injection of freshwater from a burst glacial lake lo a rapid drop in air temperatures by a few degrees Celsius along North America’s East Coast.This event created a colder year-round climate with a much shorter growing season for about 150 years, from northern Canada to what is now Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.The results suggest that North America’s climate is highly sensitive to meltwater flowing into the ocean, said lead study author Tim Daley of Swansea University in the U.K.The work also means that history could repeat itself： Currently Greenland’s ice sheet is melting at a rapid clip, releasing freshwater into the North Atlantic.In a worst-case scenario, the authors say, a sudden melt could trigger another regional cooling event—although other experts say today’s extreme, human-driven warming might cancel out any strong cooling effect.
Daley and colleagues studied mosses dating back more than 8, 700 years that were preserved in a Newfoundland peat bog.The ratios of two different types of oxygen in the mosses allowed the team to trace changes in atmospheric temperature over time.When air temperatures are lower, the mosses contain less oxygen-189 a heavier version of the more common type, oxygen-16.About 8,350 years ago, the amount of oxygen-18 relative to oxygen-16 suddenly dropped 9 the team reports in the September issue of the journal Geology.Previous research had found that, around the same time, a northern ice dam burst, releasing the contents of a vast glacial lake into the Labrador Sea, between Canada and Denmark.Normally a warm ocean current called the Gulf Stream runs up the east coast of North America, helping to keep the region balmier than it should be, considering how far north it is.But the entire glacial lake drained within less than a year, injecting a huge pulse of freshwater into the North Atlantic Ocean.Daley and colleagues think the lake water diluted the salty ocean current and slowed the Gulf Stream, which in turn led to rapid cooling in North America.“As a result, Canadian summer temperatures would have been similar to those currently experienced in autumn or spring,” said team member Neil Loader, also of Swansea University.Climate records from Greenland and Europe also show a sudden cooling during the same time period，but this is the first clear evidence for a North American chill.
The moss data show that current climate models “ significantly underestimate the impact and duration of the climate perturbation resulting from the megaflood，” said Swansea team member Alayne Perrott.This means these same models might not be accurately predicting what might happen in the future if Greenland’s ice sheet continues to melt.However, some scientists say that the data showing a prehistoric North American cool down may only indicate a coastal phenomenon.
“The study site is very close to the North Atlantic Ocean, and it is very likely that the climate change is primarily an oceanic signal,” said Hans Renssen, a climate researcher at Vrije University in Amsterdam, who was not involved in the study.As for whether today’s melt in Greenland could trigger another round of cooling, Renssen thinks it’s possible, but he doesn’t believe the change would be as dramatic as last time.In fact, he said, any future cooling is likely to be overwhelmed by human-caused warming, “resulting in no cooling in North America at all，only less warming than without the event.”
43
Which of the following words is used metaphorically, NOT literally?
A.
Gripped (Paragraph One).
B.
Melting (Paragraph Two).
C.
Trigger (Paragraph Two).
D.
Dropped (Paragraph Three).
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
修辞题。第一段中的“grip”原意为“紧抓”，在这里表示“出现在”，这里是隐喻的用法，所以A.为正确答案。B.“融化”、C.“引发”和D.“下降”都用的是单词的本意，故排除。
44
Tim Daley based his findings on the study of
A.
ancient moss.
B.
North American's temperature.
C.
Greenland’s ice sheet.
D.
human-driven warming.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。根据题干关键词Tim Daley定位到第二段。该段第一句就点明，科学家的科学结果是 根据对古代的苔藓进行研究做出的，因此A.为答案。第三句提到的北美的气候是研究结果，而不是研究依据，所以排除B.;第四句中提到的格陵兰岛的冰层是科学家根据实验结论对现在的地球 环境变化进行的推断，所以排除C.；最后一句中提到的人为造成的地球变暖与实验过程无关，所以 排除D.。
45
According to the passage, what might drive the global temperature lower?
A.
Human activities.
B.
More emission of oxygen-18.
C.
Slow flow of the Gulf Stream.
D.
Cooling of Greenland and Europe.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。第三段第五至八句指出了冰层融化导致全球变冷的原因，归根结底是因为大量的淡水减缓 了洋流的流动,从而改变了气候，于是很多地方变冷，所以C.为正确答案。第二段最后一句和第五段最 后一句都提到了人类的活动会使全球变暖，而不是变冷，故排除A.；第三段第三句提到了氧18，但科学家是通过监测这种氧气的数量才测量出气候的变化，而不是它的改变导致了气候的变化，故排除B.;第三段最后一句提到的格陵兰岛和欧洲的变化是气候变化的结果，不是起因，故排除D.。
46
It can be learned from Paragraph Four and Paragraph Five that
A.
different studies may reveal different aspects of the issue.
B.
it’s still hard to predict the future of earth's climate change.
C.
no matter getting warmer or cooler, the climate is changing for sure.
D.
what might happen along the coast is not likely to happen at other areas.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。第四段对上面的实验做出了总结，但同时又提出了一种新的观点，第五段又对这一不同的观点进行了解释，因此，到目前为止，科学家们都还没有对地球是会变暖还是会变冷得出统一的结论。所以B.为正确答案。
47
Which of the following best describes the author’s development of argument?
A.
Introducing the issue→citing ways to deal with the issue → describing the actual status → offering reasons.
B.
Introducing the issue → providing the evidence →furthering the research → listing all the possible explanations.
C.
Introducing the issue→bringing forward the contrast ideas →comparing the differences→making the final conclusion.
D.
Introducing the issue→finding supportive examples→applying the solution to the problem→telling the final result.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
篇章题。本题考查对文章整体内容的把握。本文围绕地球究竟是会变暖还是会变冷展开讨 论。第一段点明主题，指出有科学家研究，地球可能会因为冰壳的融化而变冷——introducing the issue;第二段给出研究的具体情况——providing the evidence；第三段进一步对研究的情况进行说明——furthering the research；第四、五段中却又提出了其他科学家的观点——listing all the possible explanations。因此B.为答案。
Working a typewriter by touch, like riding a bicycle or strolling on a path, is best done by not giving it a glancing thought.Once you do, your fingers fumble and hit the wrong keys.To do things involving practiced skills, you need to turn loose the systems of muscles and nerves responsible for each maneuver, place them on their own, and stay out of it.There is no real loss of authority in this, since you get to decide whether to do the thing or not, and you can intervene and embellish the technique any time you like; if you want to ride a bicycle backward, or walk with an eccentric loping gait giving a little skip every fourth step, whistling at the same time, you can do that.But if you concentrate your attention on the detail, keeping in touch with each muscle, thrusting yourself into a free fall with each step and catching yourself at the last moment by sticking out the other foot in time to break the fall, you will end up immobilized, vibrating with fatigue.
It is a blessing to have options for choice and change in the learning of such unconsciously coordinated acts.If we were born with all these knacks inbuilt, automated like ants, we would surely miss the variety.It would be a less interesting world if we all walked and skipped alike, and never fell from bicycles.If we were all genetically programmed to play the piano deftly from birth, we might never learn to understand music.
The rules are different for the complicated, coordinated, fantastically skilled manipulations we perform with our insides.We do not have to learn anything.Our smooth-muscle cells are born with complete instructions, in need no help from us, and they work away on their own schedules, modulating the lumen of blood vessels, moving things
through intestines.Secretary cells elaborate their products in privacy； the heart contracts and relaxes; cells communicate with each other by simply touching; all this goes on continually, without ever a personal word from us.The arrangement is that of an ecosystem, with the operation of each part being governed by the stale and function of all the other parts.When things are going well, as they generally are, it is an infallible mechanism.
But now the autonomy of this interior domain, long regarded as inviolate, is open to question.The experimental psychologists have recently found that visceral organs can be taught to do various things, as easily as a boy learns to ride a bicycle, by the instrumental techniques of operant conditioning.If a thing is done in the way the teacher wants, at a signal, and a suitable reward given immediately to reinforce the action, it becomes learned.Rats9rewarded by stimulation of their cerebral “pleasure centers”, have been instructed to speed up or slow down their hearts at a signal, or to alter their blood pressures, or switch off certain waves in their electrooencephalograms and switch on others.
The same technology has been applied to human beings, with other kinds of rewards ,and the results have been startling.It is claimed that you can teach your kidneys to change the rate of urine formation, raise or lower your blood pressure, change your heart rate, write different brain waves，at will.
There is already talk of a breakthrough in the prevention and treatment of human disease.According to proponents, when the technology is perfected and extended it will surely lead to new possibilities for therapy.If a rat can be trained to dilate the blood vessels of one of his ears more than those of the other, as has been reported, what rich experiences in self-control and self-operation may lie just ahead for man? There are already cryptic advertisements in the personal columns of literary magazines, urging the purchase of electronic headsets for the training and regulation of one’s own brain waves, according to one’s taste.
You can have it.Not to downgrade it.It is extremely important, I know, and one ought to feel elated by the prospect of taking personal charge calling the shots, running one’s cells around like toy trains.Now that we know that viscera can be taught, the thought comes naturally that we’ve been neglecting them all these years, and by judicious application of human intelligence, these primitive structures can be trained to whatever standards of behavior we wish to set for them.
48
One can type better if he is relaxed because
A.
his muscles and nerves have learned to do the job well.
B.
this skill requires concentration on the details while typing.
C.
man was born with this kind of skills inbuilt.
D.
he can better exercise his authority over the fingers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。首段第三句指出，在做一些需要技巧的事情时，你需要放松进行操作时需要动用的肌肉和神经系统，让它们呈现自然状态，不去理会它们。该段末句指出，但是如果你注意细节，关注动用的每一块肌肉……就会手指不听使唤，累得发抖，动弹不得。由此可以推出在打字时，如果一个人的精神放松，手指就会听使唤，这样打宇就会打得更好，故D.为答案。
49
The author considers it a good luck for us to
A.
be born with some chosen skills.
B.
live in a world of variety.
C.
be able to understand music.
D.
be able to walk, skip and ride bicycles.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。第二段前两句指出，在学习这种无意识的协调性动作时能够有多种选择和变化是一种幸福。如果我们生来就有这些特殊技能，像蚂蚁一样可以自动地做些事情，我们一定会想念这些变化的。故B.为答案，同时排除A.；第二段最后两句提到了C.和D.的内容，但并非作者认为幸运的主要原因，故排除。
50
The operation of our inside organs is different from that of muscles and nerves in that it is
A.
primarily manipulated by blood vessels.
B.
in constant need of training and practicing.
C.
much less complicated and coordinated.
D.
genetically programmed to work on its own.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。第三段前两句指出，对于复杂、协调、极为熟练的内部器官搡控，规则是不同的。我们不需要学习什么。之后解释了人体自我调节的过程。因此可以看出内部器官是无需操控，生来就可以自我运行的，故D.为答案。
51
Recently experimental psychologists have proved that
A.
rat’s intelligence is no less high than man’s.
B.
man’s diseases can be cured by operant conditioning.
C.
people can train his body structures to act at will.
D.
it in easy to control the action of your body parts.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。第四段第二句指出，实验心理学家最近发现内脏器官可以通过学习操作性条件反射的工具性技术来做各种事情，就像孩子学习骑自行车那么容易。第五段第二句指出，据称，你可以随意地让你的肾脏学习改变排尿的频率、降低或升髙血压、改变心率、读写不同的脑波。故C.为答案， 同时排除D.;文中没有将人类和老鼠的智力进行对比，故排除A.；第六段前两句也提到了在预防和治疗人类疾病上的突破。支持者们声称，当技术成熟并得以推广时，就一定会有新的治疗办法。显然现在技术还未成熟，故排除B.。
52
The author’s attitude towards the technique of training man’s body can best be defined as
A.
ambiguous.
B.
skeptical.
C.
contemptuous.
D.
positive.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
态度题。末段指出，你可以做到。不要贬低它。我知道这极为重要。人们应该为这一前景感 到高兴……既然我们知道内脏可以训练，这自然就意味着这些年我们对它们有所忽略。再加上充 满人类智慧的明智之举，这些原始结构可以通过训练做我们想让它们做的任何事情。从文中的 “not to downgrade”“extremely important”“feel elated”等都可以看出作者对训练身体内脏器官的看法 是积极的，故D.为答案。
In 1751 , Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus came up with the novel idea of using flowers as clocks.Morning glories open their trumpet-like petals around 10 a.m., water lilies at 11 and so on through evening primroses and moonflowers.A full array of these blossoms9 planted in a circle, could indicate the time.It was a whimsical notion.But some 250 years later, scientists are seriously interested in the timekeeping mechanisms of nature.“They’re so ubiquitous, they’re almost a signature of life,” says molecular neuroscientist Russell Foster of Imperil College, London.
From cockroaches to humans, Foster explores these internal clocks in a fascinating new book, Rhythm of Life, co-authored with British science writer Leon Kreitzman.The author show how the daily patterns known as circadian rhythms influence far more than our sleep.Heart attacks are more common in the morning.Women lend to go to labor in the evening.Severe asthma prevail at night.Although we may jet across time zones, circadian rhythms rule.The book traces the century-long quest to unravel their mechanisms，with some starting outcomes—including the recent discovery that certain genes switch on and off in 24 hour cycles.Even our responses to medicines may depend on when we take them.
Nature has devised internal clocks for a simple reason： they aid survival.“The early bird really does get the work, —thanks to a silent wake-up call before dawn.A mimosa plant spreads its fernlike leaves during the day to create the maximum surface area for photosynthesis, then folds them up at night to reduce water-vapor loss.It’s not a mere response to light.“They do this even when kept in the dark,” says biologist Eugene Maurakis of the Science Museum of Virginia.
In humans, the master clock is a tiny clump of cells in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nuclei.The clocks is reset daily by signals from a novel type of photoreceptor in the eye that Foster discovered.“The blind rely on it, too, provided their eyes haven’t been removed.” he says.The result is an orchestrated series of biological events that unfolds in sequence.In the hours before breakfast, the body releases digestive enzymes gradually to be ready for the first meal.Temperature and blood pressure rise in preparation for the day’s demands.This helps explain the morning increase in the heart attacks.Cells reproduce at set times.Hormones rise and fall—many of them according to a predetermined schedule.
The implications for medicine are profound.By timing treatments to complement daily changes in biochemistry, the authors argues, we can boost efficacy and reduce side effects.In one seminal trial, medical oncologist William Hrushesky of the Dorn V.A.Medical Center in Columbia, S.C., found that by simply reversing the times when he administered two chemotherapeutic drugs, he could extend survival in women with advanced ovarian cancer from 11 percent at five years to 44 Chronobiology International, more than a dozen ailments can currently benefit from carefully timed treatments.In one recent study, he notes, something as simple as low-dose aspirin at bedtime reduced the rate of preterm deliver in pregnant women at risk for hypertension from 14 percent to zero.Aspirin in the morning had little effect.Surprised? Not to Foster and Kreitzman.As they show, timing is everything.
53
What does the word “ubiquitous” in the first paragraph suggest?
A.
All kinds of flowers can indicate the time.
B.
The timekeeping mechanisms are unique to flowers.
C.
Every living thing in nature has got the timekeeping mechanisms.
D.
The idea of using flowers as clocks has been widely acknowledged.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。首段倒数第一句指出，它们无处不在，几乎成为生命的信号。这里的“它们”指代前文提到的大自然的计时功能，因此答案为C.。A.在前文中出现过，但与题干无关；B.与原文意思相反，故排除；D.在原文中没有提及，故排除。
54
According to the book Rhythms of Life, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A.
It is written by a molecular neuroscientist Foster.
B.
Severe asthma is not common at night.
C.
Medicines always function well provided that they have little side effects.
D.
Circadian rhythms influence us in various aspects.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。第二段第二句中指出，作者在书中写到，每日的生活模式，也就是生理节奏，不仅仅影响睡眠。紧接着又叙述各种病症在一天中都有高发时段。由此可以推出，生理节奏影响着我们生 活的很多方面，故选D.。第二段第一句指出，《生命的节奏》是Foster和另外一名科学家Leon Kretzman —起撰稿的，因此排除A.；根据第二段第五句可知，严重的哮喘常常在晚间发作，因此排除B.；根据第二段最后一句可知，甚至连我们对药物的反应也与服药时间有关，因此排除C.。
55
Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning the mimosa plant?
A.
The mimosa plant unfolds its leaves to get light.
B.
The mimosa plant folds leaves to prevent water from losing at night.
C.
The mimosa plant devises internal clocks in order to survive.
D.
If the mimosa plant is placed in the dark, internal clocks don’t work very well.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。根据第三段倒数第句可知，这不仅仅是对光的反应。弗吉尼亚科学博物馆的生物 学家Eugene Maurakis说:“它们在黑暗中也如此。”可以判断D.为错误表述，故为答案。第三段第三句说含羞草在白天时舒展叶子，从而使尽可能大的表面进行光合作用，而晚上为了防止水分蒸发，含羞草的叶子会卷曲。A.、B.分别为这两层意思的同义表达，故排除;第三段开头提到，自然界有内部计时功能，原因很简单：内部计时功能帮助它们生存下来。因此C.也是原文的正确表述，故排除。
56
“Ailments" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to
A.
patients.
B.
diseases.
C.
hypertensions.
D.
remedies.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
语义题。根据上下文的逻辑关系可知，上文的“cancer”和下文的“hypertension”都应该包含在 “ailments”里，因此推测“ailments”的含义为“疾病”，故选B.。
You and I, and everyone else in America, own the most stunning oceanfront properly, the most amazing mountain ranges, the highest free-falling waterfall on the continent, and the most spectacular collection of geothermal features on the planet.I knew the national parks were beautiful and that there must be interesting human stories behind their creation.But I was unprepared for how they touched some of the deepest emotions l’ve ever felt.
The parks can be simultaneously humbling and ennobling.We，re aware of our insignificance, yet we feel part of the larger order of things.It’s a spiritual, transcendental experience—gives it whatever name you want.his why people sometimes use biblical references to describe Yosemite, first set aside in 1864, or Yellowstone, our first truly national park, or the Grand Canyon, essentially a geological library and the greatest canyon on the face of the earth.My crew and I have been literally brought to tears as we worked on this project, as have many other people over the years.As one man encountering Yosemite Falls for the first time said to his companions, “Now let me die, for I am happy.”
The historical figures we studied, the consultants who helped us understand those men and women, and the people we’ve been sharing the parks with today have &11 had that moment when suddenly they felt connected to everything else in the universe.That isn’t bad for a day’s work.
The real secrets of the parks are their little-known places and unseen wonders.When we were floating down the Colorado River during filming and going over those dramatic rapids, every little side canyon that we didn’t have the benefit of seeing from the rim of the Grand Canyon had its own wonders.The way the light struck in the back, the way the water fell, the way new waterfalls sprouted up in the spring because the melting snow needed a place to go—for me, the most marvelous point about the parks is their hidden and beautiful layers.
Every park is like an onion.The layers are sometimes very subtle, and each layer takes time to explore.A very nice old ranger at Zion told us, “You could be a ranger here if you knew the answer to three questions： Where’s the bathroom? How far is it to Las Vegas? And what’s the fastest way out of here?” But the tourist who has the casual “windshield experience” by driving to Yosemite’s Inspiration Point can still take a picture that looks awfully like an Ansel Adams shot.The person who parks the car and hikes half a mile in has a better experience than the person who drives through.The person who hikes two miles in gets an even better experience.And the person who backpacks in and spends two weeks immersed in the high country is, of course, delivered an ecstatic religious experience on the par of naturalist John Muir’s
Muir was, to me, the most colorful character in the history of the parks.A Scottish-born wanderer, be fell in love with Yosemite when he first walked into it, and for a while he worked there at a sawmill.Muir could have become a titan of industry, but the backpack of civilization slipped off him, to paraphrase Ralph Waldo Emerson.He became an apostle, a prophet, of a new kind of Americanism.Muir woke us up to the fact that ail this beauty would be lost to development unless it was championed.
The man did unbelievably bizarre and rapturous things in California’s High Sierra in the name of the national parks.He would claw his way up into a big pine tree in the middle of a raging thunderstorm to find out what a tree felt like during a storm.He would soak sequoia cones in water and drink the purple liquid that seeped out so he could become tree-wise and “sequoical,” as he put it.He would watch a lichen on a rock for an entire day ; he would contemplate the life of a raindrop.He would climb mountains with very little equipment to speak of, except perhaps for nails hammered into the soles of his shoes, and he would think nothing of covering 50 miles in a two-day excursion with just crackers, oatmeal, and tea for nourishment.Everywhere he turned, Muir believed he was witnessing the work and presence of God.So enspirited was he that I think he must have struck people, as William Cronon, the historian, says in our film, as “an ecstatic holy man.’’
57
Why do people use biblical references to describe Yosemite sometimes?
A.
Because it is the amazingly beautiful creation of Cod.
B.
Because it often touches people’s deep emotions without preparation.
C.
Because it has various geologies and is the biggest canyon on earth.
D.
Because it is the first truly authorized national park in America.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。第二段第四句提到，这就是人们援引《圣经》文字描述黄石国家公园的原因，由此可知，其原因在上文:它可以带给你一种精神上超凡的感受。结合第一段末尾作者的感受可知，它会 在人们毫无准备的情况下触动其内心，故B.正确。A.、C.、D.均是对国家黄石公园的描述， 但不是題目问到的原因，故排除。
58
Which of the following can we infer from the fifth paragraph?
A.
People who hike more in the park will be more attracted by the park.
B.
People will find the same scenery after hiking more than two weeks.
C.
People who stay longer in the park will have more experience than the one staying shorter.
D.
People only have to know three questions to fully understand the park.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。第五段前两句作者指出，每所公园就像一个洋葱，每一层都需要去“剥”。接下来，第 五、六句的例子中提到，停车徒步旅行半英里的人要比全程开车的人见识到的更多，而徒步旅行距 离长的要比距离短的着迷程度更深，由此可以推断，人们越进一步探索公园，就越会被其吸引，因此 可以排除B.,故A.正确。该段第六句提到,徒步旅行距离长的人要比距离短的人欣赏到更多的风景，但并不是待得越久，经历的风景就越多，故C.不符合文意；该段第三句指出，只要了解三个问题即可成为护林员，但从该段第二句可知，作者认为公园是需要我们花时间一步一步去探索的， 绝不只限于表面的这三个问题，故D.不符合文意。
59
All of the following statements show the Americanism characteristic of Muir EXCEPT that
A.
he pursued what he liked freely regardless of its oddity.
B.
he observed the nature in much a religious way.
C.
he dared to explore the presence of Cod fearlessly.
D.
he worked successfully at a sawmill in the parks.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。第六段指出，米尔是美国公园历史上最有趣的人物，他放弃了在锯木厂做工业大亨的机会，成为一个传道者、先知和新美国主义的代表,可见，锯木厂的成功是他成为新美国主义代表之前的事情，不具有美国主义特点，故D.为正确答案。第七段首句提到，米尔以国家公园的名义做 了很多令人无法想象的怪诞之事，是美国主义的特点之一，故排除A.；第七段第二至四句提到他 的种种言行，都表明他对自然的疯狂热爱，是美国主义的特点之一，故排除B.；第七段第五至六句指出，他毫无装备地去探索自然，体现了他大无畏的美国主义的特点，故排除C.。
60
Why does the author quote the example of naturalist John Muir?
A.
Because he was one of the most famous persons in the history of national parks.
B.
Because he had done many strange and ecstatic behaviors in the name of national parks.
C.
Because his holy behaviors reflected the breathtaking charisma of the national parks.
D.
Because he was more immersed in the natural beauty rather than industrial profit.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。本文主要描述了黄石国家公园的美。首先，作者指出黄石公园带给自己以及他人的震撼。然后，他对这种美进行了更深一层的描述:它需要人们一层层地去探索。最后，作者引用了自然学家米尔的例子，根据例子服务于主题这一解题规律可知，作者引用这一例子的目的是为了进一步反映黄石公园的魅力，故C.正确。A.、B.、D.都是文中作者对米尔的描述，符合事实，但不是作者引用这一例子的目的，故排除。
When a dark-colored S.U.V.raced through the streets of Washington 9 flipped over and burst into flames on Fox’s fast-paced action show “24” last week, viewers probably were not calculating how much carbon dioxide the explosion produced.
But executives at Fox have been paying close attention.
On Monday the network will announce that “24” is going green, becoming the first “carbon neutral” television series.
Among other things, Fox says, it has hired consultants to measure the carbon-dioxide output from the production, started using 20 percent biodiesel fuel in trucks and generators, installed motion monitors in bathrooms and kitchens to make the lights more efficient and paid the higher fees that help California utilities buy wind and solar power.
Car crashes posed a bigger problem； even hybrid vehicles emit carbon dioxide when blown up.To achieve true carbon neutrality the scripts would have to avoid shooting on location and staging chase scenes, something likely to disappoint even the greenest viewers.
So the producers decided to settle for buying carbon offsets, which in theory make up for emissions of carbon dioxide, the main heat-trapping gas linked to global warming，by paying other people to generate enough clean energy to compensate—in this case wind-power plants in India.The producers said they bought enough credits to offset 1,291 tons of carbon dioxide, just over a half-season9s worth of emissions.
“If we’ve needed a car chase, we’ve had a car chase,” said Howard Gordon, executive producer of “24.” “Our obligation is first and foremost to the fans.If we have budget cuts and need to save money, then we，U have fewer car crashes.”
Rupert Murdoch, spurred by a presentation by former Vice President A1 Gore, said last year that he intended to make News Corporation, Fox’s parent, carbon neutral by 2010, and the network’s campaign, the producers say, is part of that effort.Still, the green fervor is an interesting turn for a show known more for playing out terrorist themes pioneered by the Bush administration and for graphic portrayals of torture in prime time.
Mr.Gordon said that he knew more skeptical viewers might see the effort as a way to rehabilitate the show’s reputation among liberals, but he insisted that there was no connection.
“People continue to ascribe political agendas to the show, so they may see this cynically, but, no, absolutely, one has nothing to do with the other,” he said.
Fox is not the first network to tout its devotion to the planet.In November NBC Universal committed to “greening” three shows, including the “Nightly News With Brian Williams” and “Saturday Night Live,” by using alternative fuels and increasing recycling and composting.Warner Brothers and Disney also have environmental divisions.
Still, Fox executives said that they were the first to make a series carbon neutral and that they hoped “24” would be a model for other shows and inspire a higher level of environmental consciousness in viewers.On Monday the network will begin broadcasting announcements in which the stars of “24”including Kiefer Sutherland，who plays Agent Jack Bauer—encourage viewers to take steps themselves.
“No one is kidding themselves that viewers want to see Jack Bauer stop in the middle of an action scene and deliver some line about the environment,” said Dana Walden, a chairwoman of 20th Century.Fox Television, who was the force behind the carbon-neutral scheme.But, she added, Fox hoped that the result would be “a more gratifying viewing experience，even if it is at a more subconscious level.”
Figuring out how to reduce carbon-dioxide emissions on a show that often shoots on location and is known for explosion-enhanced action was not easy.
The first step was to evaluate how much of the greenhouse gas was produced, examining everything from the cars used to ferry scripts across the Los Angeles area to flights taken by actors and executives.Two categories accounted for 95 percent of emissions: fuel for on-site generators, transportation and special effects; electricity used for sets and offices.
The cast, crew and contractors all made substantial adjustments.They shared scripts electronically and drove around in hybrid vehicles, eliminating the use of 1,300 gallons of gasoline, according to the network.
Joel Makower, executive editor of GreenBiz.com, which advises businesses and evaluates the effectiveness of environmental measures，said he was impressed with the show’s efforts.
“These are not just feel-good measures,” Mr.Makower said.“They did their homework.”
Still, by the show’s own accounting, the realities of production often limited what could be done.Although 1,300 gallons of gas represents about 10 cross-country car trips, Fox said, it is not much for a show that goes through at least 1,000 gallons a week.
61
“Carbon neutral” in this passage refers to
A.
involving no use of coal as fuel.
B.
producing no carbon dioxide.
C.
keeping a neutral attitude toward carbon dioxide.
D.
a new type of substance containing carbon.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
语义题。第二段提到，福克斯的管理者密切关注二氧化碳排放量。第三段又提到，“24”是第一个实现“Carbon neutral”的影视作品。根据逻辑关系可知，B.“不产生二氧化碳”为正确选项。A.是说不使用煤炭作为燃料，但文中只提到不以gasoline(汽油)为燃料，故A.不合题意；[C]错误地理 解了“neutral”一词在文中的含义，该词在这里并非指态度上的中立，而是化学上的一个术语；D.意 为“一种新型物质”，与文意不符，故排除。
62
Which of the following scenes contributes the least to the emission of carbon dioxide?
A.
Wild scenes.
B.
Explosion of hybrid vehicles.
C.
Family life in the sitting room.
D.
A policeman running after a thief.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。本题出题点在第五段。A.属于“shooting cm location(外景拍摄）”，原文提到要实现真 正的“碳中性”，那么剧本就应该避免写一些需要外景拍摄的镜头、追逐的镜头，所以A.“野外镜头” 和D.“警察追小偷”的镜头均可排除;其次，原文还提到混合动力车的爆炸也会排放二氧化碳，故排除B.;只有C.提到的在起居室内拍家庭生活场景不会有汽车的使用，因而基本不会排放二氧化碳，在四个选项中排放量最小。
63
What might be the mechanism of carbon dioxide causing global warming?
A.
Carbon dioxide takes in heat from the sun and heats the air around earth.
B.
Carbon dioxide makes it easy for the sunlight to go through the air and onto the earth.
C.
Carbon dioxide prevents the heat from escaping, heating the air around the earth.
D.
Carbon dioxide can trap the sunlight and make it cast onto the earth.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。细节在第六段第二行“the main heat-trapping gas”。.“heat-trapping”意为“将热量困住” 或“不让热量轻易散失”，所以可以推断出二氧化碳导致温室效应的基本原理是“罩住了大量热量使 之不易散失，从而使得气温升高”，故C.为正确答案。A.说二氧化碳吸收热量而使大气升温，这与 “罩住热量”不是一回事，故排除；B.说二氧化碳使得阳光容易穿过大气层而照射到地球上而导致 升温,这也与其基本原理不符，故排除；D.虽用到了原文的“trap”一词，但其“困住”的不是“热量” 而成了“阳光”，表述错误，故排除。
64
What can be inferred from this passage?
A.
The show of terrorists themes has been sponsored by Bush administration.
B.
Howard Gordon is reluctant to commit himself to carbon neutral.
C.
The 20th Century Fox TV will not arrange a leading character to spare time for advocating environmental protection.
D.
Special effects generally won’t result in emissions of carbon dioxide.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。A.“反恐题材的电视节目是由布什政府赞助的”，这是曲解了第八段中的“… pioneered by the Bush administration...”，本意是说布什政府注重反恐，从而引领了国民对反恐的关注 度，而进一步也影响了娱乐界的电视题材，故A.错误；B.“Howard Gordon不愿意致力于‘无碳’事业”，从原文Gordon所说的话我们只知道他把观众的需求放在首位，但并不意味着他不情愿“无碳”， 而且以他为首的《反恐24小时》电视节目剧组也确有“无碳”行动，故排除；C.可由第十三段Dana Walden的一番话推断而来，她指出在拍摄电视节目时会潜移默化地宣传“无碳”，而不会刻意安排演 员在节目中说一些环境保护之类的台词，故C.符合题意，为正确答案；倒数第五段最后一句提到， 造成二氧化碳排放的绝大部分（95%)因素有两个，其中一个就提到了 “special effects(特效）”，故 “special effects”是造成二氧化碳排放的主因之一，所以D.错误。
65
What is the tone of this passage?
A.
Cynical.
B.
Indifferent.
C.
Critical.
D.
Objective.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
态度题。整篇文章是对“碳中性”这一行动的参与者们言行的客观记录，因而没有掺杂作者的 主观感情色彩，其语气是客观的，故选D.。
The bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries.There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Person have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk though plate glass windows, and commit murder in their sleep.
How many of these stories have a basic in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt，others are a matter of record.
There is an early medical, record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.
At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River.He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.
The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.
The leading expert on sleep in American is Dr.Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep.Says he, “Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers.But none of my sleepwalkers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I’d get many takers.”
Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality.Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.What is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it.
The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of vivid dream.The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict.The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Mac Beth.Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder.Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”
The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep? Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half.Like Lady Mac Beth, she had weighty problems on her mind.Dr.Zelda Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, say, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems.The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep.He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area.” In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things，but he does not think about what he is doing.
There are many myths about sleepwalkers.One of the most common is the idea that it’s dangerous or even fatal to waken a sleepwalker abruptly.Experts say that the shock suffered by a sleepwalker suddenly awakened is no greater than that suffered in waking up to the noise of an alarm clock.Another mistaken belief is that sleepwalkers are immune to injury.Actually most sleepwalkers trip over rugs or bump their heads on doors at some time or other.
What are the chances of a sleepwalker committing a murder or doing something else extraordinary in his sleep? Some cases of this have been reported, but they very rarely happen.Of course the few cases that are reported receive a great deal of publicity.Dr.Teplitz say, “Most people have such great inhibitions against murder or violence that they would awaken—if someone didn’t waken them.” In general, authorities on sleepwalking agree with her.They think that people will not do anything in their sleep that is against their own moral code.As for the publicized cases, Dr.Teplitz points out, “Sleepwalking itself is dramatic...sleepwalkers can always find an audience.I think that some of their tall tales get exaggerated in the telling.” In her own file of case histories, there is not one sleepwalker who ever got beyond his own front door.
Parent often explain their children’s—or their own—nocturnal oddities as sleepwalking.Sleepwalking is used as an excuse for all kinds of irrational behavior.There is a case on record of a woman who dreamed that her house was on fire and flung her baby out of the window.Dr.Teplitz believes that this instance of irrational behavior was not due to somnambulism.She believes the woman was seriously deranged or insane, not a sleepwalker.
Children who walk in their sleep usually outgrow the habit.In many adults，too, the condition is more or less temporary.If it happens often, however, the sleepwalker should seek help.Although sleepwalking itself is nothing to become alarmed about, the problems that cause the sleepwalking may be very serious.
66
What does the phrase “taken with a barrel of salt” mean in the second paragraph?
A.
Rampant.
B.
Conceivable.
C.
Enormous.
D.
Implausible.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
语义题。短语所在的句子意思为，没人知道，但是如果一些最耸人听闻的故事是……其他的则是有据可考的事实。前后两个分句之间构成对比关系，可以与“有据可考（a matter of record)”形成 对比的为D.“难以置信的，不可能真实的”，故为答案。
67
Who was believed to deserve the world’s championship of sleepwalking?
A.
The man walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road.
B.
The boy walked five hours in his sleep.
C.
The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleep.
D.
The man danced a minuet in his sleep.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。第五段开头指出，梦游者的世界冠军应该是印度人Pandit Ramrakha，他在一条危险的路上走了16英里，却没有意识到自己已经下了床。故A.正确。
68
According to the passage, which of the following is CORRECT about sleepwalking?
A.
It is caused by emotional conflict.
B.
It is the acting out of a vivid dream.
C.
Somnambulists are asleep during their sleepwalking.
D.
It is dangerous to waken a sleepwalker.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。第八段首句指出，对梦游的最简单的解释为梦游是对逼真梦境的反应，因此B.正确，故为答案。该段第二句指出：这种梦常常源于内疚、忧虑、紧张或其他情感冲突，A.的表达片面，故排除；第九段第二句提到，科学家已经确定梦游者半睡半醒，由此可知C.的表述错误，故排除；第十段第二句指出，专家说突然叫醒梦游者所带来的惊吓并不比被闹铃吵醒所带来的惊吓大，所以D.错误，故排除。
69
Which statement is CORRECT concerning Dr.Zelda Teplitz?
A.
He studies sleepwalking for at least ten years.
B.
He concludes that sleepwalkers are totally asleep in their sensory area.
C.
He maintains that it is a mistaken belief that sleepwalkers are immune to injury.
D.
He is the leading expert on sleep in America.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。第九段第四句指出，Zelda对该主题进行了长达十年的研究。结合上文可知该主题是关于梦游者是睡是醒的问题，故A.为答案。根据第九段第六句可知，梦游者肌肉区域处于激活状态，感官区处于半激活状态，B.的表述错误，故排除；C.在文章中没有提及，故排除；根据第六段首句可知，D.偷换主语，故排除。
70
At the end of the passage，the writer makes it obvious that
A.
sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangers.
B.
the underlying cause of sleepwalking is more serious than sleepwalking itself.
C.
most sleepwalkers are deranged or insane.
D.
most children will fall into habitual sleepwalking behavior when they grow up.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。末段最后一句指出，尽管梦游本身不值得害怕，但导致梦游的问题却可能非常严重。 因此导致梦游的潜在原因比梦游本身更可怕，故选B.。A.在文末没有提及，故排除；倒数第二段第三句提到一个女人梦到房子着火了，并将孩子扔出了窗户。该段末尾两句指出，Dr.Teplitz认为这种荒诞行为并非由梦游导致，而是这个女人本身就神经错乱，故C.错误，故排除；根据末段首句可知，梦游的孩子长大后会改掉这个习惯，D.的表述与原文意思相反，故排除。
Human beings have never before had such a bad press.By all reports, we are unable to get anything right these days, and there seems to be almost nothing good to say for ourselves.In just the past century we have increased our population threefold and will double it before the next has run out.We have swarmed over the open face of the earth，occupies every available acre of livable space, displaced numberless other creatures from their accustomed niches, caused one extinction after another—with ore to come—and polluted all our waterway and even parts of the oceans.Now，in our efforts to make energy and keep warm，we appear to be witlessly altering the earth’s climate by inserting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; if we do not pull up short, we will produce a new greenhouse around the planet, melting the Antarctic ice shelf and swamping all coastlines.
Not to mention what we are doing to each other, and what we are thinking seriously of doing in the years just ahead with the most remarkable toy ever made by man, the thermonuclear bomb.
Our capacity for folly has never been matched by any other species.The long record of evolution instructs us that the way other creatures get along in nature is to accommodate, to fit in, to give a little whenever they take a little.The rest of life does this all the time，setting up symbiotic arrangement whenever the possibility comes into view.Except for us, the life is an intricate system，even, as I see it, an organism.An embryo may be conceived，as each one of us was first brought to life, as a single successful cell.
Our deepest folly is the notion that we are in charge of the place, that we own it and can somehow run it.We are beginning to treat the earth as a sort of domesticated household pet, living in an environment invented by us, part kitchen, part park, part zoo.It is an idea we must rid ourselves of soon, for it is not so.It is the other way around.We are not separate beings.We are a living part of the earth’s life, owned and operated by the earth， probably specialized for functions on its behalf that we have not yet glimpsed.Conceivably, and this is the best thought I have about us, we might turn out to be a sort of sense-organ for the whole creature, a set of eyes, even a storage place for thought.Perhaps, if we continue our own embryo-logic development as a species, it will be our privilege to carry seeds of life to other parts of the galaxy.
But right now, we have a lot to learn.One of our troubles may be that we still so new and so young.In the way evolution clocks time, we arrived on the scene only a moment ago，down from the trees and puzzling over our appeasing thumbs, wondering what we are supposed to do with the flabbergasting gift of language and metaphor.Our very juvenility could account for the ways in which we fumble, drop things, and get things wrong.
I like this thought, even though the historians might prefer to put it otherwise.They might say, some of them do say, that we have been at it thousands of years, trying out one failed culture after another, folly after folly，and now we are about to run out our string.As a biologist, I do not agree.I say that a few thousand years is hardly enough time for a brand-new species to draw breath.
Now, with that thought, for the moment anyway, I feel better about us.We have the making of exceedingly useful working parts.We are just new to the task, that’s our trouble.Indeed，we are not yet clear in our minds what the task is f beyond the imperative to learn.
We have all the habits of a social species, more compulsively social than any other, even bees and ants.Our nest-or hive，iswe are held together by speech, at each other all day long.Our great advantage over
all other social animals is that we possess the kind of brain that permits us to change our minds.We are not obliged, as the ants are, to follow genetic blueprints for every last detail of our behavior.Our genes are more cryptic and ambiguous in their instructions：get along, says our DNA, talk to each other, figure out the world, be useful, and above all keep an eye out for affection.
One important thing we have already learned.We are a novel species, but we are constructed out of the living parts of very ancient organisms.We go back a long way.We may be the greatest and brainiest of all biological opportunities on the planet, but we owe debts of long standing to the beings that came before us, and to those that now surround us and will help us along into the future.
71
What is the “bad press” referring to in the first paragraph?
A.
The ill reputation about newspapers not telling truths.
B.
The fact that no good news about man is reported.
C.
The urge to stop man for making any more mistakes.
D.
The pressure on man caused by pessimistic views of the world.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
语义题。首段首句提到“bad press”后，第二句指出，近来在所有的报道中，我们做什么都是错的，似乎没有什么可以为自己说的好话了。显然，这是对“bad press”的注解，故B.为答案。这里并没有评价报纸的声望如何，故排除A.；从首段后面的内容可以看出人类有“bad press”的原因是其活动对自然造成了极大的破坏，但首段没有涉及这些内容，因此排除C.和D.。
72
On top of all the wrong doings, human beings are also ______with each other.
A.
quarelling with
B.
fighting
C.
arguing
D.
competing
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。在首段末尾指出人类的一系列错误行为之后，第二段指出，更不用说人类互相做的事情了。我们正在认真思考在未来的岁月中使用自己制造的最棒的玩具：热核炸弹。由此可知，作者认为人类之间的互相争斗是最错误的事情，故B.为答案。
73
The author thinks that it is the most stupid thing for us to
A.
give a little when we take a little from nature.
B.
conduct ourselves as if we were part of a coherent body.
C.
conceive the life of the earth as a single organism.
D.
try to dominate the earth as if we were the operator.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。第四段首句指出，我们最愚蠢的地方就是认为我们主宰着这片土地，我们是土地的主人，因而可以控制它。故D.为答案。第三段第二句指出，生物进化的悠久历史告诉我们其他生物与自然和谐相处的方式是适应环境，从环境中得到一些东西的时候就要给予一些东西。这是其他物种的做法，但人类并没有这样做，故排除A.；该段第三句指出，其他生命形式一直是这样做的，只要有机会就建立一种互利、共生的关系。显然人类也没有这样做，故排除B.；该段第四句指出，除了我们，地球上的生命是一个复杂系统，在我看来，是一个有机体。故排除C.。
74
We are a young and new species in all the following senses EXCEPT that
A.
a few thousand years is nothing in terms of evolution.
B.
we often make mistakes and grope in the dark.
C.
we are probably the sense-organ for the life on earth.
D.
there is so much around us that we need to learn.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。第五段解释了为什么说人类是很年轻的物种的原因。该段第三句指出，在进化的历史 长河中，我们才刚刚登场，故A.是原因之一，因此排除；该段末句指出，年轻是我们摸爬滚打、掉东西、做错事的原因。B.也是原因之一，因此排除；该段首句指出，但是现在，我们有许多需要学的东 西。D.也是原因之一，因此排除;第四段倒数第二句提到了“地球上生物的感觉器官”，但这与人类年轻无关，故C.为答案。
75
Like some other creatures，man also has
A.
the gift of language.
B.
the variety to change his mind.
C.
the variety of individual behavior pattern.
D.
the habit of socializing with each other.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。倒数第二段首句指出，我们有社会动物所有的一切习性，比其他物种，甚至蜜蜂和蚂蚁的社会性更强。故D.为答案。第五段第三句提到了“人类令人目瞪口呆的语言和比喻天賦"，由此可以判断出语言天赋是人类独有的，故排除A.；倒数第二段第三句提到，与其他社会动物相比，我们最大的优势是我们有能够让我们改变想法的大脑。故排除B.；该段第四句提到，与蚂蚁不同的是，我们不必按照基因图来指导每个行为细节。可见，动物的行为方式与人类不同，故排除C.。
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