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Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
If you think a high-factor sunscreen (防晒霜)keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong.Research in this week's Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of melanomas(黑瘤)and delays their occurrence, it can't prevent them.Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers.You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one.Melanomas are more common if you have periodic intense exposure to the sun.Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.
There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer.A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed.A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didn't have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats,long sleeves or staying in the shade, did give some protection.This study said other forms of sun protection not sunscreen seemed most beneficial.The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it's not entirely reliable.But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives people a false sense of security in the sun.
Many people also don't use sunscreen properly applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long.It is sunburn that is most worrying recent research shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years increases the risk of all skin cancers.
The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign.So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (抹上)sunscreen and slap on a hat.
1
56.What is people's common expectation of a high-factor sunscreen?
A.
It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.
B.
It will protect them from sunburn.
C.
It will keep their skin smooth and fair.
D.
It will work for people of any skin color.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
B)推理判断题。文章开篇即指出,如果你认为高指数的防晒霜能够使你免遭有害射线的辐射,那你可能就错了。由此可见,对于防晒霜能够保护皮肤不受伤害的这种误解是非常普遍的,因此,人们对于高指数防晒霜的普遍预期是它将保护人们不被太阳晒伤.故答案为B)。
2
57.What does the research in Nature say about a high-factor sunscreen?
A.
It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.
B.
It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.
C.
It is ineffective with long-term exposure.
D.
It is ineffective for people with fair skin.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
A)事实细节题。文章首段第二句提到,本周《自然》杂志的一项研究表明,尽管防晒指数为50的防晒霜能够减少黑瘤的数量,并延缓其出现,但却并不能阻止其发生。由此可见,此项研究表明高指数的防晒霜并不能有效阻止黑瘤的发生,故答案为A)。
3
58.What do we learn from the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people?
A.
Sunscreen should be applied alongside other protection measures.
B.
High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen.
C.
Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good.
D.
Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
D)推理判断题。文章第二段首句指出,对于防晒霜减少黑瘤的有效性一直存在争议,第二句则举例说明,提到2011年澳大利亚一项涉及1,621人的研究发现,随机抽取的每天使用防晒霜的人群患黑瘤的几率是需要时才使用面霜的人群的一半。由此可知,根据此项研究,每天使用防晒霜的确能够降低患黑瘤的几率,即坚持使用防晒霜是有一定效果的,故答案为D)。
4
59.What does the author say about the second Australian study?
A.
It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection.
B.
It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen.
C.
It is not based on direct observation of the subjects.
D.
It confirms the results of the first Australian study.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
C)推理判断题。该段第三、四句承接上文,介绍了澳大利亚的第二项相关研究,第五句则是作者对研究过程与结果的主观评论,指出,由于此研究基于人们对他们一生中每个十年所采取防晒措施的回忆,因此并不完全可靠。由此可见,此研究并不是基于对被研究对象的直接观察,故答案为C)。
5
60.What does the author suggest to reduce melanoma rates?
A.
Using both covering up and sunscreen.
B.
Staying in the shade whenever possible.
C.
Using covering up instead of sunscreen.
D.
Applying the right amount of sunscreen.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
A)推理判断题。文章第四段第一句提到,正如澳大利亚人“套上一涂上一扣上”运动的数据所显示的,综合使用防晒霜和皮肤遮盖措施能够降低黑瘤发病率,第二句据此提出作者自己的观点和建议:如果今年夏天有热浪,我们也最好套上T恤,抹上防晒霜,并且扣上帽子。也就是说,作者建议我们同时使用防晒霜和衣服、帽子等其他防护措施,故答案为A)。
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than the less-skilled.Some65% of American men aged 62 -74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with32% of men with only a high-school certificate.This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor.Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled.The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.
The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before.Over the next 20 years the global population of those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion.The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity (长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.
But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled.Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk are working longer.The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.
Policy is partly responsible.Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to encourage people to retire early.Rising life expectancy (预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defmed-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement.But the changing nature of work also plays a big role.Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation.Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.
6
61.What is happening in the workforce in rich countries?
A.
Younger people are replacing the elderly.
B.
Well-educated people tend to work longer.
C.
Unemployment rates are rising year after year.
D.
People with no college degree do not easily find work.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
B)事实细节题。文章开篇即指出,在发达国家,与技术水平较低的人相比,受教育程度较高的人工作年限越来越长。由此可见,目前在发达国家的劳动力大军中,学历较高的人工作时间更长,故答案为B)。
7
62.What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor?
A.
Longer life expectancies.
B.
A rapid technological advance.
C.
Profound changes in the workforce.
D.
A growing number of the well-educated.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
B)事实细节题。文章首段第三句承接上文指出,这一差距正是不断加剧的高学历高收入富人与无技术低收入穷人之间两极分化的部分表现。第四句进一步分析了原因,即迅速发展的技术使高技术人群的收入增加,同时也压缩了那些无技术人群的收入。由此可见,迅速发展的技术就是加剧贫富差距的主要原因,故答案为B)。
8
63.What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th century?
A.
Economic growth will slow down.
B.
Government budgets will increase.
C.
More people will try to pursue higher education.
D.
There will be more competition in the job market.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
A)事实细节题。文章第二段第三句指出,20世纪,更加长寿造成了退休生活的年份更长而不是工作的年份更长,这一经历使得观察家们相信,这一变化将导致经济增长减缓,同时,退休金申领人数的激增将产生政府预算问题。由此可知,根据20世纪的经历,观察家们预测到的问题之一是经济增长将减缓,故答案为A)。
9
64.What is the result of policy changes in European countries?
A.
Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.
B.
More people have to receive in-service training.
C.
Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.
D.
People may be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from pension plans.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
C)事实细节题。文章第四段第二句和第三句提到,许多欧洲国家政府已经摒弃了曾鼓励人们尽早退休的政策。预期寿命的延长以及慷慨的固定养老金计划被不再慷慨的固定缴费养老金计划所替代,这些都意味着甚至有钱人也必须延长工作年限以获得舒适的退休生活。由此可知,政策的变化带来的后果是甚至有钱人也不得不为了在退休后过上舒适的生活而延长工作年限,故答案为C)。
10
65.What is characteristic of work in the 21st century?
A.
Computers will do more complicated work.
B.
More will be taken by the educated young.
C.
Most jobs to be done will be the creative ones.
D.
Skills are highly valued regardless of age.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
D)推理判断题。文章第四段第四句提到,工作性质的变化也起到了很大作用,第五句进而对工
作性质的变化进行了分析,指出对那些高学历人士而言,工作报酬在大幅增加,这些人将继续获得较高的收入,直到老年,因为当今的老龄高学历人群比上一代人工作更有成效,第六句对上文进行了总结,得出结论,技术革新可能将进一步增强这一转变:作为计算机的补充的技能,从经营管理技巧到创新能力,都不会随着年龄的增长而衰退。由此可见,21世纪的工作特点是,比起年龄问题,经营管理技巧、创新能力等技能将更加被看重,故答案为D)。
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