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As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly sophisticated, there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avoided, according to computer science professor Stuart Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.
Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks, it's necessary to translate our morals into AI language.
For example, if a robot does chores around the house, you wouldn't want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. "You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values," said Russell.
Some robots are already programmed with basic human values. For example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable distance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences, but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldn't think that's the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.
It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines, if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.
Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.
The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to do sufficient testing and they've produced a system that will break some kind of taboo (禁忌).
One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.
If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave,, it has the opportunity to stop, send out beeps (嘟嘟声), and ask for directions from a human. If we humans aren't quite sure about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.
The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe is moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for humanity.
1
What does the author say about the threat of robots?
A.
It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers.
B.
It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.
C.
It can be avoided if human values are translated into their language.
D.
It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
题目询问作者关于机器人造成的威胁的看法。第 1 段提出话题——机器人可能成为威胁(become a threat);接着第 2 句引用 Stuart Russell 教授的观点。说明这个威胁是可以避免的(can be avoided),条件是弄明白如何将人类的价值观转化成可编入计算机的代码(turn human values into a programmable code),文中的 programmable code 实际就是指人工智能机器人能识别的语言(即第 2 段提到 AI language)。C 项“如果将人类价值观转化成机器人的语言,危险就可以避免”为答案,该选项将原文的主动句转化为被动句,translate into 是对原文 turn... into... 的同义替换。
2
What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author?
A.
They are aggressive.
B.
They are outgoing.
C.
They are ignorant.
D.
They are ill-bred.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
题目询问我们如何看待入侵我们私人空间的人。第 4 段最后一句提到,如果有人在你谈话时靠近你,进入你的个人空间,你会认为有教养的人(a properly brought-up person)是不会这样做的。可见,在作者看来,入侵他人私人空间的人是没有教养的,因此选 D 项。注意这一解题关键句中出现否定转移的现象,即否定形式在主句 you wouldn't think,实际上否定的是从句 that's the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do。
3
How do robots learn human values?
A.
By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.
B.
By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.
C.
By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.
D.
By imitating the behavior of properly brought-up human beings.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
题目询问机器人如何学习人类价值观。第 6 段开头提到,机器人可以从人类行为的数据库中学习 (from... data on human behavior),获取行为模式(drawing patterns),从而学到人类的价值观,C 项出现几个与原文同义的关键词,其中 picking up 与原文 drawing 同义,massive 则与 large sets 同义,故 C 项为答案。
4
What will a well-programmed robot do when facing an unusual situation?
A.
Keep a distance from possible dangers.
B.
Stop to seek advice from a human being.
C.
Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.
D.
Do sufficient testing before taking action,
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
题目询问一个编程良好的机器人在面对异常状况时会怎么做。倒数第 3 段提到,在异常情况下,机器人会跟人类确认正确的行为是什么(check the correct course of action with a human)。而且在倒数第 2 段提到具体的例子,机器人会暂停,发出嘟嘟声,并向人类寻求指导(ask for directions),故 B 项“停下来向人类寻求建议”正确。
5
What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?
A.
Determine what is moral and ethical.
B.
Design some large-scale experiments.
C.
Set rules for man-machine interaction.
D.
Develop a more sophisticated program.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
题目询问把人类价值观编进计算机的最大难点是什么。最后一段首句 will be 后的内容即为本题答案。文中提到的是确定什么是我们公认的道德(what we believe is moral),以及如何创造出一套道德行为准则(a set of ethical rules)。A 项“确定什么是合乎道德和伦理的”是该句的同义表达,故为答案。
Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity(长寿)? Do some kinds of personalities lead to longer lives? A new study in the Journal of American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.
The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic(神经质的)than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to make it through tough times.
Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, for instance, were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being open to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways.
Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, ,you should strive to be as outgoing as possible.
Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother's personality may also help determine your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids unhealthy diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we're adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.
Personality isn't destiny (命运), and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn't just a matter of your physical health but of your mental health.
6
The aim of the study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society is
A.
to see whether people's personality affects their life span
B.
to find out if one's lifestyle has any effect on their health
C.
to investigate the role of exercise in living a long life
D.
to examine all the factors contributing to longevity
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
本题询问《美国老年病学会志》所做的研究的目的是什么。第 1 段第 2、3 句提到两个问题,分别是“性格对寿命有没有什么影响?”和“某些性格是否会让人更长寿”,这两个问题实际上都是在探讨性格与寿命的关系。最后一句说《美国老年病学会志》上的一项新研究针对这个问题(look at this question),其中的 this question 就是指代上述的问题,故 A 项“为了了解人的性格是否影响寿命”正确,其中的 life span 指“生命长度”,与文中的 longevity 和 longer lives 对应。
7
What does the author imply about outgoing and sympathetic people?
A.
They have a good understanding of evolution.
B.
They are better at negotiating an agreement.
C.
They generally appear more resourceful.
D.
They are more likely to get over hardship.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
本题询问作者对外向和富同情心的人有哪些暗示。第 2 段第 3 句提到那些喜欢结交朋友、乐于助人的人拥有足够的资源,帮他们渡过难关(make it through tough times)。D 项的 get over hardship“克服困难”是原文的 make it through tough times“渡过难关”的同义替换,所以 D 项“他们更有可能克服困难”正确。
8
What finding of the study might prove somewhat out of our expectation?
A.
Easy-going people can also live a relatively long life.
B.
Personality characteristics that prove advantageous actually vary with times.
C.
Such personality characteristics as self-discipline have no effect on longevity.
D.
Readiness to accept new ideas helps one enjoy longevity.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
本题询问研究当中哪些发现是出乎我们意料的(out of our expectation)。第 2 段段末有些结论是合乎常识的(in agreement with what you would expect),第 3 段以转折词开头,暗示该处结论与上文相反,是出乎人们意料的。该部分提到某些好的性格对寿命长短并没有影响,接着列举了自律(self-disciplined)和思想开放(open to new ideas)这两种性格特征对寿命没有影响。所以 C 项“如自律这类性格对长寿没有影响”正确。
9
What does the recent study of Norwegian mothers show?
A.
Children's personality characteristics are invariably determined by their mothers.
B.
People with unhealthy eating habits are likely to die sooner.
C.
Mothers' influence on children may last longer than fathers'.
D.
Mothers' negative personality characteristics may affect their children's life spans.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
本题询问对挪威母亲们的研究有哪些发现。第 5 段讲述该项研究结果发现性格较焦虑压抑,较易发怒的妈妈更容易用不健康的饮食来喂养孩子。由此得出结论:性情压抑的母亲培养出来的孩子寿命更短。D 项的 negative personality characteristics 与原文的 depressed moms 正好对应,因此 D 项“母亲负面的性格特征会影响孩子的寿命”正确。
10
What can we learn from the findings of the two new studies?
A.
Anxiety and depression more often than not cut short one's life span.
B.
Longevity results from a combination of mental and physical health.
C.
Personality plays a decisive role in how healthy one is.
D.
Health is in large part related to one's lifestyle.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
本题询问我们从这两项新的研究中可以了解到什么。本文最后一句指出这两项研究表明,长寿不仅仅是身体健康的问题(physical health),也是心理健康的问题(mental health)。因此 B 项“寿命取决于一个人的心理健康和身体健康”为正确选项。
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