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Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keep younger faculty members from going elsewhere.
It seems higher education has become an industry of meeting-holders whose task it is to "solve" problems--real or imagined. And in my position as a professor at three different colleges, the actual problems in educating our young people and older students have deepened, while the number of people hired--not to teach but to hold meetings--has increased significantly. Every new problem creates a new job for an administrative fixer. Take our Center for Teaching Excellence. Contrary to its title, the center is a clearing house (信息交流中心) for using technology in classrooms and in online courses. It's an administrative sham (欺诈) of the kind that has multiplied over the last 30 years.
I offer a simple proposition in response: Many of our problems--class attendance, educational success, student happiness and well-being--might be improved by cutting down the bureaucratic (官僚的) mechanisms and meetings and instead hiring an army of good teachers. If we replaced half of our administrative staff with classroom teachers, we might actually get a majority of our classes back to 20or fewer students per teacher. This would be an environment in which teachers and students actually knew each other.
The teachers must be free to teach in their own way--the curriculum should be flexible enough so that they can use their individual talents to achieve the goals of the course. Additionally, they should be allowed to teach, and be rewarded for doing it well. Teachers are not people who are great at and consumed by research and happen to appear in a classroom. Good teaching and research are not exclusive, but they are also not automatic companions. Teaching is an art and a craft, talent and practice; it is not something that just anyone can be good at. It is utterly confusing to me that people do not recognize this, despite the fact that pretty much anyone who has been a student can tell the difference between their best and worst teachers.
1
What does the author say about present-day universities?
A.
They are effectively tackling real or imagined problems.
B.
They often fail to combine teaching with research.
C.
They are over-burdened with administrative staff.
D.
They lack talent to fix their deepening problems.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
事实细节题。由第二段第二句可知，从作者自己的亲身经历来看，虽然雇用的行政人员越来越多，可教育面临的真正的问题却日趋严重，这就是当今的大学，由此推断，当今大学面临的问题就是行政人员过多，故答案为C。
2
According to the author, what kind of people do universities lack most?
A.
Good classroom teachers.
B.
Efficient administrators.
C.
Talented researchers.
D.
Motivated students.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推理判断题。第三段第一句提到，众多问题都可以通过削减官僚机构和会议，同时雇用一大批优秀的教师来解决，由此推断，大学缺乏的应该是好老师，故答案为A。
3
What does the author imply about the classes at present?
A.
They facilitate students' independent learning.
B.
They help students form closer relationships.
C.
They have more older students than before.
D.
They are much bigger than is desirable.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推理判断题。第三段第二、三句指出，如果我们能将半数的行政人员用课堂教师来代替，那么我们就可以把每个班级中学生的数量降至20人或更少，而这样的环境才有利于老师和学生彼此真正了解，因此作者暗示目前的班级学生人数过多，故答案为D。
4
What does the author think of teaching ability?
A.
It requires talent and practice.
B.
It is closely related to research.
C.
It is a chief factor affecting students' learning.
D.
It can be acquired through persistent practice.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
事实细节题。末端倒数第二句提到教书是一门艺术，也是手艺，教书需要天分和积累，并非每个人都能胜任，故答案为A。
5
What is the author's suggestion for improving university teaching?
A.
Creating an environment for teachers to share their teaching experiences.
B.
Hiring more classroom teachers and allowing them to teach in their own way.
C.
Using high technology in classrooms and promoting exchange of information.
D.
Cutting down meetings and encouraging administrative staff to go to classrooms.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推理判断题。在第三段的首句中，作者提出我们的众多问题都可以通过多雇用优秀的教师来解决。在第四段首句中，作者指出老师必须被给予以自己的方式授课的自由才能实现课程目标，故答案为B。
The secret to eating less and being happy about it may have been cracked years ago—by McDonald's. According to a new study from Cornell University's Food and Brand Lab, small non-food rewards--like the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals--stimulate the same reward centers in the brain as food does.
The researchers, led by Martin Reimann, carried out a series of experiments to see if people would choose a smaller meal if it was paired with a non-food item.
They found that the majority of both kids and adults opted for a haft-sized portion when combined with a prize. Both options were priced the same.
Even more interesting is that the promise of a future reward was enough to make adults choose the smaller portion. One of the prizes used was a lottery ticket (彩票), with a $10, $ 50 or $100 payout, and this was as effective as a tangible gift in persuading people to eat less.
"The fact that participants were willing to substitute part of a food item for the mere prospect of a relatively small monetary award is interesting," says Reimann.
He theorizes that it is the emotional component of these intangible prizes that make them effective. In fact, vaguely-stated possibilities of winning a prize were more effective than options with hard odds included.
"One explanation for this finding is that possible awards may be more emotionally provoking than certainty Reimann." The of added attraction and awards," says uncertainty winning provides desirability through emotional 'thrills.' The possibility of receiving an award also produces a state of hope--a state that is in itself psychologically rewarding." In other words, there's a reason why people like to gamble.
How might this knowledge be used to help people eat more healthily?
One possibility is a healthy option that offers the chance to win a spa (温泉疗养) weekend. Or maybe the reward of a half-sized portion could be a half-sized dessert to be claimed only on a future date. That would get you back in the restaurant--and make you eat a little less.
6
What do we learn about McDonald's inclusion of toys in its Happy Meals?
A.
It may shed light on people's desire to crack a secret.
B.
It has proved to be key to McDonald's business success.
C.
It appeals to kid's curiosity to find out what is hidden inside.
D.
It may be a pleasant way for kids to reduce their food intake.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推理判断题。第一段指出，麦当劳欢乐套餐中的玩具可以和食物一样刺激大脑中的奖赏中枢,让人们吃得少，还可以感受到快乐，故答案为D。
7
What is the finding of the researchers led by Martin Reimann?
A.
Reducing food intake is not that difficult if people go to McDonald's more.
B.
Most kids and adults don't actually feel hungry when they eat half of their meal.
C.
Eating a smaller portion of food does good to the health of kids and adults alike.
D.
Most kids and adults would choose a smaller meal that came with a non-food item.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
事实细节题。第三段第一句指出，他们发现，绝大多数的孩子和成年人都愿意选择带有奖励的减半食物。此处的他们是指代上一段中提到的莱曼领导的研究人员，故答案为D。
8
What is most interesting in Martin Reimann's finding?
A.
Kids preferred an award in the form of money to one in the form of a toy.
B.
Adults chose the smaller portion on the mere promise of a future award.
C.
Both kids and adults felt satisfied with only half of their meal portions.
D.
Neither children nor adults could resist the temptation of a free toy.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
事实细节题。第四段第一句中提到，更为有趣的是，一个对未来奖励的承诺足以让成年人选择小份食物，故答案为B。
9
How does Martin Reimann interpret his finding?
A.
The emotional component of the prizes is at work.
B.
People now care more about quality than quantity.
C.
People prefer certainty awards to possible awards.
D.
The desire for a future reward is overwhelming.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
语义理解题。本题问到莱曼如何解读他的研究。文章的第三、四、五段都是对莱曼及其领导的研究人员的发现的描述。从第六段起，他开始分析其研究结果：该段首句即提出，从理论上来说，是这些无形奖励中的感情成分使得这些奖励起了作用，这就是他对研究发现的解读，故答案为A。
10
What can we infer from Martin Reimann's finding?
A.
People should eat much less if they wish to stay healthy and happy.
B.
More fast food restaurants are likely to follow McDonald's example.
C.
We can lead people to eat less while helping the restaurant business.
D.
More studies are needed to find out the impact of emotion on behavior.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推理判断题。题目中问到我们能从莱曼的研究发现中推断出什么。莱曼的研究主要发现了人们愿意为奖品放弃大份食物，而当这种奖品存在某种不确定性时，对人们的吸引力更大，这是由于人们的欲望被不确定性所刺激。文章最后一段提出，如果饭店能利用这一发现，设置一些奖励，不仅可以让顾客再次光临，也可以让人们吃得更少，故答案为C。
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