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第22关
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Nobody really knows how big Lagos is. What's indisputable is that it's growing very quickly. Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa could triple. Yet cities in sub-Saharan Africa are not getting richer the way cities in the rest of the world have. Most urban Africans live in slums （贫民窟）; migrants are often not much better off than they were in the countryside. Why?
The immediate problem is poverty. Most of Africa is urbanising at a lower level of income than other regions of the world did. That means there's little money around for investment that would make cities liveable and more productive. Without upgrades and new capacity, bridges, roads and power systems are unable to cope with expanding populations. With the exception of South Africa, the only light rail metro system in sub-Saharan Africa is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Traffic jam leads to expense and unpredictability, things that keep investors away.
In other parts of the world, increasing agricultural productivity and industrialisation went together. More productive farmers meant there was a surplus that could feed cities; in turn, that created a pool of labour for factories. But African cities are different. They are too often built around consuming natural resources. Government is concentrated in capitals, so is the money. Most urban Africans work for a small minority of the rich, who tend to be involved in either cronyish （有裙带关系的） businesses or politics. Since African agriculture is still broadly unproductive, food is imported, consuming a portion of revenue.
So what can be done? Though African countries are poor, not all African cities are. In Lagos, foreign oil workers can pay as much as 65,000 dollars per year in rent for a modest apartment in a safe part of town. If that income were better taxed, it might provide the revenue for better infrastructure. If city leaders were more accountable to their residents, they might favour projects designed to help them more. Yet even as new roads are built, new people arrive. When a city's population grows by 5% a year, it is difficult to keep up.
1
What do we learn from the passage about cities in sub-Saharan Africa?
A.
They have more slums than other cities in the world.
B.
They are growing fast without becoming richer.
C.
They are as modernised as many cities elsewhere.
D.
They attract migrants who want to be better off.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的cities in sub-Saharan Africa定位到首段第四、五句。推理判断题。文章开篇指出拉各斯地广人多,正在快速地膨胀。但是第四、五句笔锋一转，表明撒哈拉沙漠以南地区的非洲城市并没有像世界其他地区的城市那样日益富有。绝大多数的非洲城市人口居住在贫民窟。由此可见，以拉各斯为代表的撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲城市虽然快速膨胀，但是并没有变得更加富有，故答案为B。
2
What does the author imply about urbanisation in other parts of the world?
A.
It benefited from the contribution of immigrants.
B.
It started when people's income was relatively high.
C.
It benefited from the accelerated rise in productivity.
D.
It started with the improvement of peopled livelihood.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的urbanisation和other parts of the world定位到第二段第二句。细节辨认题。定位句提到，相对于世界其他地区，大多数非洲地区的城市收入水平较低。由此可见，世界其他地区的城市收入水平要比大多数非洲城市高，故答案为B。
3
Why is sub-Saharan Africa unappealing to investors?
A.
It lacks adequate transport facilities.
B.
The living expenses there are too high.
C.
It is on the whole too densely populated.
D.
The local governments are corrupted.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的investors定位到第二段最后一句。推理判断题。文章第二段第五句指出，除南非之外，撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲地区唯一的地铁轻轨系统位于埃塞俄比亚的亚的斯亚贝巴。接着定位句表明，交通拥挤导致成本上升和不确定性，使得投资者望而却步，由此可见，撒哈拉沙漠以南地区的城市的基础设施并不发达，跟不上人口增长所增加的需求。换句话说，交通拥挤是该地区发展的短板，打消了投资者的投资意愿，故答案为A。
4
In what way does the author say African cities are different?
A.
They have attracted huge numbers of farm labourers.
B.
They still rely heavily on agricultural productivity.
C.
They have developed at the expense of nature.
D.
They depend far more on foreign investment.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的African cities和different定位到第三段第三、四句。推理判断题。第三段第一、二句提到，在世界的其他地方，不断提高的农业生产力和工业化进程是相辅相成的。生产力更高的农民意味着有盈余供给城市。相应地，这样又为工厂创造了大量的劳动力。由此可见，在城市化进程中，农业的基础作用是十分重要的。但是定位句指出，非洲的城市不同，它们往往是建立在消耗自然资源的基础之上，故答案为C。
5
What might be a solution to the problems facing African cities?
A.
Lowering of apartment rent.
B.
Better education for residents.
C.
More rational overall planning.
D.
A more responsible government.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的a solution to the problems facing African cities定位到第四段第五句。推理判断题。作者在第四段第一句提出问题：那么，可以做些什么呢？接着表达了自己对这一问题的建议，一个是增加财政收入的建议，另一个则是对领导人的建议。定位句提到，如果市领导对居民更负责的话，他们或许会更加赞同旨在帮助他们的项目，故答案为D。
For the past several decades, it seems there's been a general consensus on how to get ahead in America: Get a college education, find a reliable job, and buy your own home. But do Americans still believe in that path, and if they do, is it attainable?
The most recent National Journal poll asked respondents about the American dream, what it takes to achieve their goals, and whether or not they felt a significant amount of control over their ability to be successful. Overwhelmingly, the results show that today， the idea of the American dream—and what it takes to achieve it—looks quite different than it did in the late 20th century.
By and large, people felt that their actions and hard work—not outside forces—were the deciding factor in how their lives turned out. But respondents had decidedly mixed feelings about what actions make for a better life in the current economy.
In the last seven years, Americans have grown more pessimistic about the power of education to lead to success. Even though they see going to college as a fairly achievable goal, a majority—52 percent—think that young people do not need a four-year college education in order to be successful.
Miguel Maeda, 42, who has a master's degree and works in public health, was the first in his family to go to college, which has allowed him to achieve a sense of financial stability his parents and grandparents never did.
While some, like Maeda, emphasized the value of the degree rather than the education itself, others still see college as a way to gain new perspectives and life experiences. Sixty-year-old Will Fendley, who had a successful career in the military and never earned a college degree, thinks "personal drive" is far more important than just going to college. To Fendley， a sense of drive and purpose, as well as an effective high-school education, and basic life skills, like balancing a checkbook, are the necessary ingredients for a successful life in America.
6
It used to be commonly acknowledged that to succeed in America, one had to have _____.
A.
an advanced academic degree
B.
an ambition to get ahead
C.
a firm belief in their dream
D.
a sense of drive and purpose
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的It used to be和succeed in America定位到第一段第一句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，在过去的几十年里，关于如何在美国出人头地似乎有一个共识，那就是完成大学教育，找一份稳定的工作，买一幢自己的房子。简而言之，过去在美国要成功就得有高学历，故选A。B.“出人头地的野心”干扰性较大，文中最后一段虽然提到了“个人的驱动力”要比上大学重要，但这是威尔·芬德利现在的观点，而题中问的是过去的观点，故排除。
7
What is the finding of the latest National Journal poll concerning the American dream?
A.
More and more Americans are finding it hard to realize.
B.
It remains alive among the majority of American people.
C.
Americans' idea of it has changed over the past few decades.
D.
An increasing number of young Americans are abandoning it.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的National Journal poll和the American dream定位到第二段。推理判断题。定位段指出，《国家杂志》最近一次的民意调查就美国梦这一话题对受访者进行了询问。结果显示当今人们对美国梦的想法以及实现美国梦的途径都与20世纪后期时看起来完全不同。换句话说，当今美国人民对美国梦的看法已经发生了巨大的变化，故答案为C。
8
What do Americans now think of the role of college education in achieving success?
A.
It still remains open to debate.
B.
It has proved to be beyond doubt.
C.
It is no longer as important as it used to be.
D.
It is much better understood now than ever.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的Americans，college education和achieving success定位到第四段。细节辨认题。由定位段可知，在过去的七年中，美国人民对于知识引领成功的看法越来越悲观，52%的人认为年轻人想要成功并不需要四年的大学教育。即美国人认为大学教育不再像过去那么重要了，故答案为C。
9
How do some people view college education these days?
A.
It promotes gender equality.
B.
It needs to be strengthened.
C.
It adds to cultural diversity.
D.
It helps broaden their minds.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的some people和view college education these days定位到第六段。细节辨认题。本题提问当前一些人对于大学教育的看法。第六段后半部分指出，其他人却仍旧认为大学是一种获取新视野和生活经验的途径。由此可见，一些人认为大学教育可以让人扩展视野，故答案为D。
10
What is one factor essential to success in America, according to Will Fendley?
A.
A desire to learn and to adapt.
B.
A strong sense of responsibility.
C.
A willingness to commit oneself.
D.
A clear aim and high motivation.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的one factor essential to success in America和Will Fendley定位到文章最后一段最后一句。推理判断题。定位句提到，对于芬德利来说，驱动力以及目的性，再加上高效的高中教育和类似于平衡账目这样的基本生活技能，才是在美国拥有成功生活的必备要素。由此可见，在芬德利的心目中，清晰的目的性和动力是至关重要的，故答案为D。
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