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For thousands of years, people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else. "While we teach, we learn," said Roman philosopher Seneca. Now scientists are bringing this ancient wisdom up-to-date. They're documenting why teaching is such a fruitful way to learn, and designing innovative ways for young people to engage in instruction.
Researchers have found that students who sign up to tutor others work harder to understand the material, recall it more accurately and apply it more effectively. Student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who're learning only for their own sake. But how can children, still learning themselves, teach others? One answer: They can tutor younger kids. Some studies have found that first-born children are more intelligent than their later-born siblings (兄弟姐妹). This suggests their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings. Now educators are experimenting with ways to apply this model to academic subjects. They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who in turn instruct middle school students on the topic.
But the most cutting-edge tool under development is the "teachable agent"—a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world pupil. Computer scientists have created an animated (动画的) figure called Betty's Brain, who has been "taught" about environmental science by hundreds of middle school students. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty master certain materials. While preparing to teach, they organize their knowledge and improve their own understanding. And as they explain the information to it, they identify problems in their own thinking.
Feedback from the teachable agents further enhances the tutors' learning. The agents' questions compel student tutors to think and explain the materials in different ways, and watching the agent solve problems allows them to see their knowledge put into action.
Above all, it's the emotions one experiences in teaching that facilitate learning. Student tutors feel upset when their teachable agents fail, but happy when these virtual pupils succeed as they derive pride and satisfaction from someone else's accomplishment.
1
What are researchers rediscovering through their studies?
A.
Seneca's thinking is still applicable today.
B.
Better learners will become better teachers.
C.
Human intelligence tends to grow with age.
D.
Philosophical thinking improves instruction.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的researchers、rediscovering和studies定位到首段第二、三句。推理判断题。定位句指出，罗马哲学家塞内卡说：“我们教别人时，我们也在学习”。现如今，科学家们正在使这个古老的智慧现代化。由此可知，塞内卡的想法仍然可行，故答案为A。
2
What do we learn about Betty's Brain?
A.
It is a character in a popular animation.
B.
It is a teaching tool under development.
C.
It is a cutting-edge app in digital games.
D.
It is a tutor for computer science students.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的Betty's Brain定位到第三段前两句。细节辨认题。定位段第一句提到，正处于研发中的最尖端的工具是“可被教的机器人”--一个计算机化的角色，能够像一个真实世界的学生一样学习、尝试、犯错误、提问题。第二句随即提到计算机科学家们已经创造了一个叫作“贝蒂的大脑”的动画人物，也就是第一句中提到的“可被教的机器人”，故答案为B。
3
How does teaching others benefit student tutors?
A.
It makes them aware of what they are strong at.
B.
It motivates them to try novel ways of teaching.
C.
It helps them learn their academic subjects better.
D.
It enables them to better understand their teachers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的teaching others、benefit和 student tutors定位到第三段第四句。推理判断题。定位句指出，在备课的过程中，他们组织自己的知识并且增强自身的理解。 首先，结合上文推出定位句中的they指“学生老师”。另外，根据句意，组织自己的知识并且增强自身的理解，其实就是学业上的提高和进步，故答案为C。
4
What do students do to teach their teachable agents?
A.
They motivate them to think independently.
B.
They ask them to design their own questions.
C.
They encourage them to give prompt feedback.
D.
They use various ways to explain the materials.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的teach和teachable agents定位到第四段第二句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，来自机器人的问题促使这些“学生老师”去思考并用不同的方式去解释这些材料，故答案为D。
5
What is the key factor that eases student tutors' learning?
A.
Their sense of responsibility.
B.
Their emotional involvement.
C.
The learning strategy acquired.
D.
The teaching experience gained.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的key factor和eases student tutors' learning定位到最后一段首句。细节推断题。定位句指出，最重要的是，一个人在教学中经历的情绪促进了学习。定位句中的facilitate和题干中eases的意思相符，都有“促进；使顺利”的意思，故答案为B。
A new batch of young women—members of the so-called Millennial (千禧的) generation—has been entering the workforce for the past decade. At the starting line of their careers, they are better educated than their mothers and grandmothers had been—or than their young male counterparts are now. But when they look ahead, they see roadblocks to their success. They believe that women are paid less than men for doing the same job. They think it's easier for men to get top executive jobs than it is for them. And they assume that if and when they have children, it will be even harder for them to advance in their careers.
While the public sees greater workplace equality between men and women now than it did 20-30 years ago, most believe more change is needed. Among Millennial women, 75% say this country needs to continue making changes to achieve gender equality in the workplace, compared with 57% of Millennial men. Even so, relatively few young women (15%) say they have been discriminated against at work because of their gender.
As Millennial women come of age they share many of the same views and values about work as their male counterparts. They want jobs that provide security and flexibility, and they place relatively little importance on high pay. At the same time, however, young working women are less likely than men to aim at top management jobs: 34% say they're not interested in becoming a boss or top manager; only 24% of young men say the same. The gender gap on this question is even wider among working adults in their 30s and 40s, when many women face the trade-offs that go with work and motherhood.
These findings are based on a new Pew Research Center survey of 2,002 adults, including 810 Millennials (ages 18-32), conducted Oct. 7-27, 2013. The survey finds that, in spite of the dramatic gains women have made in educational attainment and labor force participation in recent decades, young women view this as a man's world—just as middle-aged and older women do.
6
What do we learn from the first paragraph about Millennial women starting their careers?
A.
They can get ahead only by striving harder.
B.
They expect to succeed just like Millennial men.
C.
They are generally quite optimistic about their future.
D.
They are better educated than their male counterparts.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的the first paragraph定位到第一段。细节辨认题。定位段第二句指出，在她们职业生涯的开端，她们比自己的母亲和祖母接受到更好的教育--或者比她们现在的男性同龄人更好，故答案为D。
7
How do most Millennial women feel about their treatment in the workplace?
A.
They are the target of discrimination.
B.
They find it satisfactory on the whole.
C.
They think it needs further improving.
D.
They find their complaints ignored.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的most Millennial women和 treatment in the workplace 定位到第二段第二句。推理判断题。定位句指出，在千禧一代的女性里，75%的人说国家箱要不断地做出改变来达到职场上的性别平等。首先从比例上来看，75%满足题干部分most的要求。其次，gender equality in the workplace 和题干中的 treatment in the workplace也有对应关系，原文中的continue making changes 和选项C中的 further improving含义一致，故答案为C。
8
What do Millennial women value most when coming of age?
A.
A sense of accomplishment.
B.
Job stability and flexibility.
C.
Rewards and promotions.
D.
Joy derived from work.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的Millennial women value most 和coming of age定位到第三段前两句。细节辨认题。定位段第二句指出，千禧一代的女性想要那种提供安全性和灵活性的工作，而且相对而言，她们不是特别看重高收入。原文中的security和选项B中的stability是近义词， 故答案为B。
9
What are women in their 30s and 40s concerned about?
A.
The welfare of their children.
B.
The narrowing of the gender gap.
C.
The fulfillment of their dreams in life.
D.
The balance between work and family.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的women in their 30s and 40s定位到第三段最后一句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，对待职场态度上的性别差异在30多岁到40多岁的在职成年人中尤为明显，这也正是很多女性需要面临工作和生育之间的权衡的时候。由此可知，这个阶段的女性担心生活和工作之间的平衡，原文中的trade-offs 和选项D中的balance是近义词，故答案为D。
10
What conclusion can be drawn about Millennial women from the 2013 survey?
A.
They still view this world as one dominated by males.
B.
They account for half the workforce in the job market.
C.
They see the world differently from older generations.
D.
They do better in work than their male counterparts.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的conclusion和2013 survey定位到第四段最后一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，调查发现，尽管近几十年女性在教育程度和劳动力参与方面收获了很多，但同中老年女性一样，年轻女性认为职场还是男性的天下。选项A中的dominated by males和定位句中的a man's world意思一致，故答案为A。
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