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According to the majority of Americans, women are every bit as capable of being good political leaders as men. The same can be said of their ability to dominate the corporate boardroom. And according to a new Pew Research Center survey on women and leadership, most Americans find women indistinguishable from men on key leadership traits such as intelligence and capacity for innovation, with many saying they're stronger than men in terms of being passionate and organized leaders.
So why, then, are women in short supply at the top of government and business in the United States? According to the public, at least, it's not that they lack toughness, management talent or proper skill sets.
It's also not all about work-life balance. Although economic research and previous survey findings have shown that career interruptions related to motherhood may make it harder for women to advance in their careers and compete for top executive jobs, relatively few adults in the recent survey point to this as a key barrier for women seeking leadership roles. Only about one-in-five say women's family responsibilities are a major reason why there aren't more females in top leadership positions in business and politics.
Instead, topping the list of reasons, about four-in-ten Americans point to a double standard for women seeking to climb to the highest levels of either politics or business, where they have to do more than their male counterparts to prove themselves. Similar shares say the electorate(选民) and corporate America are just not ready to put more women in top leadership positions.
As a result, the public is divided about whether the imbalance in corporate America will change in the foreseeable future, even though women have made major advances in the workplace. While 53% believe men will continue to hold more top executive positions in business in the future, 44% say it's only a matter of time before as many women are in top executive positions as men. Americans are less doubtful when it comes to politics: 73% expect to see a female president in their lifetime.
1
What do most Americans think of women leaders according to a new Pew Research Center survey?
A.
They have to do more to distinguish themselves.
B.
They have to strive harder to win their positions.
C.
They are stronger than men in terms of willpower.
D.
They are just as intelligent and innovative as men.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
本题考查美国大众对女性领导看法的最新调查结果，根据题干关键词定位至第一段③句(a new Pew Research Center survey on women and leadership)。A，B皆利用第四段①句信息“因面临双重标准，女性必须做得更多才能证明自己(也包括获得现有职位)”干扰，但这是4成美国人的看法(about fbur-in-ten Americans point to...)，与题干所问“大多数美国人的看法”不符。C则将第一段③句许多人观点“女性比男性更有激情、更有条理”窜改为“意志力更强”。D句指出，大多数美国人认为，女性与男性不仅在才智、创新等领导力品质方面不相上下，甚至比男性更擅长担任激情而有条理的领导。 D与前半句信息契合。
2
What do we learn from previous survey findings about women seeking leadership roles?
A.
They have unconquerable difficulties on their way to success.
B.
They are lacking in confidence when competing with men.
C.
Their failures may have something to do with family duties.
D.
Relatively few are hindered in their career advancement.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
本题考査过往调查关于“寻求领导地位女性”的发现，定位至第三段②句(previous survey findings... women seeking leadership roles)。A将定位句中“生/养育致事业中断，可能更难发展晋升(may make it harder)” 夸大为“困难克服不了(unconquerable)”。B利用文中所述的“女性生理方面有劣势(为家庭不得不牺牲事业)”臆断出“女性在职场上因性别而自卑”，文中并未提及女性的心理。D将②句主句中的数据信息“很少受访者认为家庭是职场女性的大碍”偷换为直接结论“很少女性在职场受阻"，且文中为“最新调查”(recent survey)，并非题干所问“此前调査”。C句指出，经济学研究和此前的调査发现表明，生养孩子导致工作中断，这可能让女性难以在事业上更进一步，因而无力竞争高级管理层职位。由此可知，女性无法获取高位跟家庭责任有一定的关系，C正确。
3
What is the primary factor keeping women from taking top leadership positions according to the recent survey?
A.
Personality traits.
B.
Family responsibilities.
C.
Gender bias.
D.
Lack of vacancies.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
本题考査阻碍女性晋升顶层职位的主要原因。由题干关键信息primary factor定位至第四段①句（topping the list of reasons）。A项与首段③句“根据最新调査，女性和男性在关键性领导力品质方面不相上下，甚至比男性更有激情、更条理”相悖。B项对第三段③句family responsibilities are a major reason断章取义，忽略only about one-in-five（仅2成人这么认为）所暗含的“家庭责任并非主要原因”。D项将第四段②句“选民及企业没有做好准备让女性担任高位”臆断为“职业空缺太少”。第四段①句借“调査（四成美国人认为）”指出女性难登高位的首要原因：女性面临双重标准，她们必须比男性付出更多以证明自己。可见，阻碍女性担任顶层职位的主要原因是性别偏见，C项符合文意。
4
What does the passage say about corporate America in the near future?
A.
More and more women will sit in the boardroom.
B.
Gender imbalance in leadership is likely to change.
C.
The public is undecided about whether women will make good leaders.
D.
People have opposing opinions as to whether it will have more women leaders.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
本题考查美国企业界的未来情形。由题干关键信息corporate America in the near future定位至末段①句（corporate America... in the foreseeable future）。A、B项利用②③句“女性与男性高管数量齐平只是时间问题”、“希望能有一位 女性总统”干扰，但它们仅为（存在分歧的）公众当中一部分人的看法（44%、73%），并非题干所问“作者/文中所说”。C项将公众的分歧点由“是否有更多女性领袖出现”窜改为“女性能否成为优秀领袖”，且第一段即已指出公众毫不怀疑女性的领袖品质。末段①句指出，公 众在“美国企业界领导层性别失衡是否会在可预见的未来发生改变”这一问题上产生了分歧（is divided about义同选项中have opposing opinions）,“性别失衡的现状是否会改变”意即“是否会有更多女性领导者”，故D正确。
5
What do most Americans expect to see soon on America's political stage?
A.
A woman in the highest position of government.
B.
More and more women actively engaged in politics.
C.
A majority of women voting for a female president.
D.
As many women in top government positions as men.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
本题考查美国人对美国政坛未来情形的预想。由题干关键信息Americans political stage定位至末段③句（when it comes to politics）。B、C均利用定位句“预计能看到女总统上台”干扰，但“预计会有更多女性参与政治”属过度推断，“预计会有大部分女性投票支持”属主观臆测。D项将末段②句“44%美国人对未来商界的判断（as many women are in top executive positions as men）”偷换为“大部分美国人对未来政坛的判断（As many women in top government positions as men）”。末段③句指出：美国人对未来政坛的预期分歧更小，73%的人认为在有生之年能看到女总统上台。可 见，大部分美国人认为女性很快会出任政府最高职位，故A项正确。
People have grown taller over the last century, with South Korean women shooting up by more than 20cm on average, and Iranian men gaining. 16.5cm. A global study looked at the average height of 18-year-olds in 200 countries 1914 and 2014.
The results reveal that while Swedes were the tallest people in the world in 1914, Dutch men have risen from 12th place to claim top spot with an average height of 182.5cm. Larvian women. Meanwhile, rose from 28th place in 1914 to become the tallest in the world a century later, with an average height of 169.8cm.
James Bentham, a co-author of the research from Imperial College, London, says the global trend is likely to be due primarily to improvements in nutrition and healthcare. “An individual’s genetics has a big influence on their height, but once you average over whole populations, genetics plays a less key role,” he added.
A little extra height brings a number of advantages, says Elio Riboli of Imperial College. “Being taller is associated with longer life expectancy,” he said. “This is largely due to a lower risk of dying of cardiovascular（心血管的）disease among taller people.”
But while height has increased around the world, the trend in many countries of north and sub-Saharan Africa causes concern, says Riboli. While height increased in Uganda and Niger during the early 20th century, the trend has reversed in recent years, with height decreasing among 18-year-olds.
“One reason for these decreases in height is the economic situation in the 1980s,” said Alexander Moradi of the Universith of Sussex. The nutritional and health crises that followed the policy of structural adjustment, he says, led to many children and teenagers failing to reach their full potential in terms of height.
Bentham believe the global rtend of increasing height has important implications. “How tall we are now is strongly influenced by the environment we grew up in,” he said. “If we give children the best possible start in life now, they will be healthier and more productive for decades to come.”
6
What does the global study tell us about people’s height in the last hundred years?
A.
There is a remarkable difference across continents.
B.
There has been a marked increase in most countries.
C.
The increase in people’s height has been quickening.
D.
The increase in women’s height is bigger than in men’s.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
A项由首段South Korean、Iranian (属亚洲)增高、第二段Dutch、Latvian (属欧洲)增高、第五段 Africa (非洲)先增后降的具体叙述中望文生义出“各大洲存在显着差异”，而研究针对的是“国家( countries)”而非“洲( continents)”。C 项将全文关键词increasing height、height has increased1“身高增长"偷换为increase ( in height ) has beenquickeningl“身高增速一直在加快"。D项由首两段"韩国女性身高增幅大于伊朗男性”及“拉脱维亚女性身高排名跃升位次多于荷兰男性”捏造而来.但该研究只对男性、女性身高变化分别进行纵向研究，并未横向比较男女性身高增幅。
7
What does James Bentham say about genetics in the increase of people’s height?
A.
It counts less than generally thought.
B.
It outweighs nutrition and healthcare.
C.
It impacts more on an individual than on population.
D.
It plays a more significant role in females than in males.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
A项根据碎片信息“没那么重要( plays a less key role)”断章取义，而忽视其前述条件:当涉及人口整体的平均身高时。B项与首句Bentham观点“营养和医疗保健的改善很可能是人口身高增长的主要原因”相悖。D项将“对个体影响大于对群体影响"偷换为“对女性影响大于对男性影响".而Bentham并未谈及遗传基因对男女身高的影响。第三段②句指出本瑟姆观点:遗传基因对个体身高影响很大，但计量平均身高时，遗 传基因对身高的作用就不那么重要了。故C正确。
8
What does Elio Riboli say about taller people?
A.
They tend to live longer.
B.
They enjoy an easier life.
C.
They generally risk fewer fatal diseases.
D.
They have greater expectations in life.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
B项由“高个子死于心血管疾病的风险较小，寿命较长"过度推断出“高个子鲜受疾病苦痛的纠缠、因而日子过得更轻松”。C项错误同B项，将“患心血管疾病的风险较小”夸大为“患致命疾病的风险较低"。D项利用个别难词longer life expectancy设置干扰，但lifeexpectancy此处为固定用法，意为“预期寿命”，并非“生活期望”。第四段①句中里博利指出:较高的身高与较长的寿命有关，A中live longer同义改写原文longer life expectancy。
9
What do we learn about 18-year-olds in Uganda and Niger?
A.
They grow up slower than their peers in other countries.
B.
They are actually shorter than their earlier generations.
C.
They find it hard to bring their potential into full play.
D.
They have experienced many changes of government.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
A项将段中今昔对比“20世纪初增长VS近年来逆转”偷换为横向对比“比其他国家同龄人慢"。C项利用第六段末句碎片信息failing to reach their full potential干扰，却忽略其后限定语in terms of height"身高方面的(潜能)”，选项将其夸大为“个人全部潜能”。D项利用当前非洲政治形势“多国政权更迭频繁"这- -常识干扰。B项指出:近年来，乌干达和尼日尔人身高变化趋势出现逆转，由20世纪初的增长转变为下降。由此可知，他们现在实际上要比前几代人更矮，B正确。
10
What does James Bentham suggest we do?
A.
Watch closely the global trend in children’s development.
B.
Make sure that our children grow up to their full height.
C.
Try every means possible to improve our environment.
D.
Ensure our children grow up in an ideal environment.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
A项利用末段碎片信息the global trend'children和grew up糅杂干扰，但文中未有提及“儿童发展的全球趋势”。B项由第六段末句“儿童和青少年无法充分发挥其身高潜能"主观推断Bentham建议“确保孩子充分发挥身高潜能”，但Bentham的关注点在于“孩子的成长环境(饮食营养及医疗设施等)对身高的影响，进而对个人健康、发展成就的影响"。C项将文中the environment we grew up in“成长环境”过度泛化为our environment“ 人类环境"。末段引述本瑟姆之言指出，我们的身高很大程度上受到成长环境的影响.如果我们给孩子一个最好的人生开端，即尽可能给他们提供一个理想的成长环境，那将对孩子今后的几十年人生大有帮助，D正确。
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