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第37关
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When is cleaning was a crime? When you’re doing it to create art, obviously. A number of street artists around the world have started expressing themselves through a practice known as reverse graffiti (涂鸦). They find dirty surfaces and paint them with images or messages using cleaning brushes or pressure hoses (高压水管) . Either way, it's the same principle: the image is made by cleaning away the dirt. Each artist has their own individual style but all artists share a common aim: to draw attention to the pollution in our cities. The UK’s Paul Curtis, better known as Moose, operates around Leeds and London and has been commissioned by a number of companies to make reverse graffiti advertisements.
Brazilian artist, Alexandre Orion, turned one of Sao Paulo's transport tunnels into an amazing wall painting in 2006 by getting rid of the dirt. Made up of a series of white skulls (颅骨), the painting reminds drivers of the effect their pollution is having on the planet. “Every motorists sits in the comfort of their car, but they don't give any consideration to the price their comfort has for the environment and consequently for themselves,” says Orion.
The anti-pollution message of the reverse graffiti artists confuses city authorities since the main argument against graffiti is that it spoils the appearance of both types of property: public and private. This was what Leeds City Council said about Moose's work: “Leeds residents want to live in clean and attractive neighbourhoods. We view this kind of advertising as environmental damage and will take strong action against it.” Moose was ordered to “clean up his act.” How was he supposed to do this: by making all property he had cleaned dirty again?
As for the Brazilian artist’s work, the authorities were annoyed but could find nothing to charge him with. They had no other option but to clean the tunnel—but only the parts Alexandre had already cleaned. The artist merely continued his campaign on the other side. The city officials then decided to take drastic action. They not only cleaned the whole tunnel but every tunnel in Sao Paulo.
1
What do we learn from the passage about reverse graffiti?
A.
It uses paint to create anti-pollution images.
B.
It creates a lot of trouble for local residents.
C.
It causes lots of distraction to drivers.
D.
It turns dirty walls into artistic works.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节辨认题。定位句后的两句指出，他们找到一些有污垢的墙面，然后用清洁刷或高压水管在上面画上图像或文字。不管用哪种方式，原则是一样的:通过擦去污垢画上图像。由此可知，反向涂鸦使肮脏的墙面变成了艺术作品，故答案为D。
2
What do reverse graffiti artists try to do?
A.
Publicise their artistic pursuit.
B.
Beautify the city environment.
C.
Raise public awareness of environmental pollution.
D.
Express their dissatisfaction with local governments.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节辨认题。定位句指出，所有的艺术家都有一个共同的目的:提醒人们注意我们城市里的污染。由此可知，反向涂鸦艺术家想提高公众对于环境污染的意识，故答案为C。
3
What do we learn about Brazilian artist Alexandre Orion?
A.
He was good at painting white skulls.
B.
He chose tunnels to do his graffiti art.
C.
He suggested banning all polluting cars.
D.
He was fond of doing creative artworks.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句指出，巴西艺术家亚历山大·奥利恩在2006年通过清除灰尘把圣保罗的一条交通隧道变成了一幅令人惊叹的壁画。由此可见，亚历山大·奥利恩选择了在隧道里创作他的涂鸦艺术，故答案为B。
4
What does the author imply about Leeds City Council’s decision?
A.
It is simply absurd.
B.
It is well-informed.
C.
It is rather unexpected.
D.
It is quite sensible.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
观点态度题。定位句提到，利兹市议会对穆斯的作品作出这样的评价:“利兹市民想要生活在干净和有魅力的社区里。我们认为这种广告是对环境的破坏，我们会采取强硬措施来抵制它。”穆斯被要求‘“清理自己做过的事”。他应该怎么做呢？要把他已经清洁的所有墙面再弄脏吗？作者以反讽的语气说明无法清除已经创作好的反向涂鸦作品。由此可见，作者暗示利兹市议会的决定很荒谬，故答案为A。
5
How did Sao Paulo city officials handle Alexandre Orion’s reverse graffiti?
A.
They made him clean all the tunnels in Sao Paulo.
B.
They took drastic action to ban all reverse graffiti.
C.
They charged him with polluting tunnels in the city.
D.
They made it impossible for him to practice his art.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句指出，圣保罗市官员决定采取严厉措施。他们不仅清理了整个隧道，而且把圣保罗的每一条隧道都清理了。由此可知，所有隧道被清理干净了，亚历山大就无法在隧道里进行反向涂鸦创作了，故答案为D。
The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way.
Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar’s suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. Kids should do chores, he writes, “for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.”
This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people’s thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. “We deny our children’s bids to help until they are 6 or 7 years old,” Lancy says, “when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as an incentive to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.”
6
What do some experts think about paying children for doing chores?
A.
It may benefit children in more ways than one.
B.
It may help children learn the worth of labor.
C.
It may not turn out to be the best thing to do.
D.
It may not be accepted by low-income parents.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节辨认题。定位句指出，尽管很多父母认为因为完成家务活而给孩子零用钱对他们的孩子来说是有益的，但很多专家担心把零用钱和做家务联系得太紧密了可能并不理想。由此可知，专家认为给孩子钱让他们做家务可能不是最好的办法，故答案为C。选项C)中的the best thing对应定位句中的ideal。
7
According to Suniya Luthar, doing chores will help children learn to ____.
A.
share family responsibilities
B.
appreciate the value of work
C.
cultivate the spirit of independence
D.
manage domestic affairs themselves
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节辨认题。定位句提到，心理学家苏妮娅·卢瑟反对因为做家务而给孩子钱。卢瑟不反对给孩子零用钱，但是她认为重要的是应该明确不是因为做家务能得到钱而做家务，而是因为做家务能让一个家庭正常运转。由此可知，苏妮娅·卢瑟认为做家务能帮孩子学会分担家庭责任，故答案为A。
8
What does Ron Lieber think should be the goal of giving children allowances?
A.
To help to strengthen family ties.
B.
To teach them how to manage money.
C.
To motivate them to do more housework.
D.
To show parents’ appreciation of their help.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
) 推理判断题。定位句指出，罗恩·利伯建.议零用钱被用作- -种向孩子展示如何节省、给予和花在他们在乎的东西上的方法。由此可见，罗恩·利伯认为零花钱教会孩子如何管理金钱，故答案为B。
9
What does David Lancy say about 18-month-olds?
A.
They have a natural instinct to help around the house.
B.
They are too young to request money for what they do.
C.
They should learn to understand family responsibilities.
D.
They need a little incentive to get involved in housework.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句提到，兰西认为大多数孩子在大约18个月的时候会渴望帮助他们的父母。由此可见，18个月的孩子本能地想在家里帮忙，故答案为A。
10
What does David Lancy advise American parents to do?
A.
Set a good example for children in doing housework.
B.
Make children do housework without compensation.
C.
Teach children how to do housework.
D.
Accept children’s early bids to help.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句指出兰西的观点:解决这个问题的办法不是试图用金钱来激励孩子做家务，而是当他们真正想做的时候，让他们更早地参与到家务中。由此可知，兰西认为美国父母应接受孩子早期想帮忙的尝试，故答案为D。
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