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About the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.
Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it.
However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed lawsuit (诉讼）in California claiming that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test (They believed, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.)The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his original decision.
And so the argument goes on and on. Does it benefit or harm children from minority groups to have their intelligence tested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing. If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause.
What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level.
Unfortunately, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do varies from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so ago, for instance, white families were encouraged to adopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so.
And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular, and social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely goodwill on the part of all of us is needed.
As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question.
1
Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades?
A.
Its validity was challenged by many communities.
B.
It was considered discriminative against minority children.
C.
It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents.
D.
It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据文章第2段“有些人认为智力测验对少数民族儿童不公平。因此，在过去的几十年里，智力测验已不再流行，在有些社区甚至被禁止了”,这里的it指代前面的intelligence testing,因此，B与文章所表达的意思一致。
2
The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to ?
A.
draw public attention to IQ testing
B.
put an end to special education
C.
remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests
D.
have their children enter white schools
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据文章第3段第2句“最近，一群黑人父母提出诉讼，声称该州禁止智商测验剥夺了他们的孩子接受这种测验的机会，是对孩子的歧视”，由此可判断黑人父母要求取消对智力测试的禁令。故此，应该选C。
3
The author believes that intelligence testing _____.
A.
may ease racial confrontation in the United States
B.
can encourage black children to keep up with white children
C.
may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States
D.
can help black parents make decisions about their children’s education
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
根据文章第4段末句和第5段首句“如果任何一种肤色的小孩在学校的成绩不好，弄清楚是由于他的智商低,还是由于其他原因引起的对我们来说似乎很重要；学校和家庭只有弄清楚孩子成绩不好的原因才能帮助孩子”，因此，应选D。
4
The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to be that _____.
A.
no rules whatsoever can be prescribed
B.
white families should adopt black children
C.
adoption should be based on IQ test results
D.
cross-racial adoption is to be advocated
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
根据文章第7段末句“因此，很难说到底怎样才是最好的。但肯定无疑的是，我们大家都需要有善意”，由此可推断,人们并不能制定某种规则来限制它，故此，A与文章的意思相符。
5
Child adoption is mentioned in the passage to show that _____.
A.
good will may sometimes complicate racial problems
B.
social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of children
C.
intelligence testing also applies to non-academic areas
D.
American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issues
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
文章第6段前两句，作者提出“智商水平似乎是个敏感的问题。法律允许我们不时改变观点。在智商以外的其他领域也存在着这种来来回回不断变化的情况"，儿童收养问题只是作者举的一个例子，旨在说明在一些敏感问题上，人们的观点可以不断变化的情况。故选D。
The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning，compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavors. Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.
Given this diversity of thought, it’s easy to forget that for half a century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerian psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of “positive reinforcement” have long since lost their sway in
academic circles, the Skinnerian legacy remains powerful in every realm of daily life, from the home and classroom to the workplace. Don’t want to take the trash out? Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday night. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interested in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you’ll make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt’ but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it’s hard to imagine life without them.
Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging motivation and productivity, rewards actually can undermine genuine interest and diminish performance.“Our society is caught in a whopping paradox,” asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book Punished by Rewards (Houghton Mifflin), which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. “We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of our children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems—dangling rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people一is partly responsible for the fix we’re in.”
It’s tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to lose interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose their initial love of art within weeks. Teenagers who are promised a reward for tutoring youngsters don’t teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long-term incentive plans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.
6
According to behaviorism, all human actions ____.
A.
are based on stimulus and response
B.
have no bearing on human drives
C.
are supposed to be highly motivated
D.
are of a great mystery
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
第2段第2句提到行为主义的根本理论是正面性强化理论，随后举例说明要对人的行为进行刺激，A是正确的。根据第 2 段首句的 this diversity of thought(即第 1 段末提到的 theories of human motivation), it’s easy to forget...可知“动机理论”与下文讲到的行为主义的正面性强化理论是不一样的理论，故C不正确。
7
Behaviorism basically believes in ____.
A.
motivation
B.
performance
C.
rewards
D.
human factors
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
第2段大致对行为主义进行相关的描述，最后一句说也许这一理论已失去影响力，但是奖励在美国文化中依然占有重要地位，据此可以推断行为主义相信奖励(rewards),故选C。
8
In paragraph 2，“calculus” probably refers to “_____”.
A.
a course
B.
a sport
C.
a kind of public service
D.
a position in the student union
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
本题要求通过上下文推测出生词的词义。calculus出现在原文第2段倒数第三句，设问之后紧接着作者回答说，只要在课堂努力争取得到A(美国课程评分系统中的一个等级水平），就可以上光荣榜，可见calculus 是一门课程，即a course。
9
From the passage, it can be inferred that ____.
A.
rewards are highly effective in America
B.
rewards are not much sought-after in academic circles
C.
rewards have long lost their appeal in American society
D.
Americans are addicted to rewards
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
本文主要针贬时弊，揭露了美国社会中人们的行为依赖于奖励这一现象。根据原文第2段末句中的“但是物质鼓励和奖赏确实在美国文化中仍然占如此重要的地位”以及第3段最后两句等内容可看出美国社会对于奖励很依赖,D与之相符。
10
Which of the following statements is in support of the finding that “people tend to perform worse… when a reward is involved” (in the last paragraph)?
A.
People are not used to being conditioned by prizes.
B.
Rewards are attempts to control behavior.
C.
Rewards are indispensable to American culture.
D.
The principle of “positive reinforcement” is not fully enforced.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
该句意思是说“当涉及奖励的时候，人们更容易表现不佳,更容易轻易放弃，更容易失去兴趣”，而下文举的例子也说明了一旦涉及奖励，人们往往容易被奖励所控制，而忽视了个人本身的内在动力力量。四个选项中只有B“奖励是诱惑，它控制着人的行为”可以支持这一说法。
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