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The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights, which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
1
The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _____.
A.
the definition of maturity has changed
B.
the industrialized society is more developed
C.
more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
D.
ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
与原始社会相比,人类进步到工业化社会以后,青春期变长了。为什么呢?在首段中,作者提出了两个原因:第一,受教育的时间变长了;第二,法律做出了反对使用童工的规定。这样一来,青少年踏入社会的脚步延缓了,青春期也因而延长,C正确。
2
Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ____.
A.
graduations from schools and colleges
B.
social recognition
C.
socio-economic status
D.
certain behavioral changes
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
第2段第2、3句提到,成人礼在现代社会已经“进化”了,一系列毕业典礼让青少年一步步得到社会的承认,A符合题意。本题如果没有弄清楚第2句的逻辑结构,则容易误选B或C。第2句中replaced的逻辑主语是 a sequence of steps 而不是用来修饰 steps 的从句中的词(increased recognition and social status)。
3
No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is _____.
A.
eleven years old
B.
sixteen years old
C.
twenty-one years old
D.
between twelve and twenty-one years old
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
第2段倒数第4句说到了 21岁一个人就拥有了成年人所有的合法权利,C项符合题意。注意第二段后半部分(描述几个标志性年龄所能带来的权利变化)的结构,它属于描述一个process(过程)的time relationship(时间关系)结构。抓住此结构,可以做跳跃式的阅读。
4
Starting from 22, ____.
A.
one will obtain more basic rights
B.
the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
C.
one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
D.
one will enjoy more rights granted by society
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
第2段倒数第2句说到,“一个人获得成人身份后,不再因为年龄因素而获得更多的基本权利。“所以到了22岁,不会因为多长了一岁而享受更多的权利。故C项符合题意。
5
We can learn from the passage that _____.
A.
in the late 19th century in the United States the length of adolescence changed a lot.
B.
no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one.
C.
one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license.
D.
one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
第一段末尾说此外,在特定的社会中,随着社会和经济状况的变化,青春期的长短及对成人地位的定义也可能发生变化。美国19世纪后半叶边疆的消失,以及普遍存在的农业社会的工业化过程,都是这种社会经济条件改变的例子。”由此可知,美国19世纪后期,青春期的长短发生了改变,A正确。
The estimates of the numbers of home-schooled children vary widely. The U. S. Department of Education estimates there are 250,000 to 350,000 home-schooled children in the country. Home-school advocates put the number much higher—at about a million.
Many public school advocates take a harsh attitude toward home schoolers, perceiving their actions as the ultimate slap in the face for public education and a damaging move for the children. Home schoolers harbor few kind words for public schools, charging shortcomings that range from lack of religious perspective in the curriculum to a herd like approach to teaching children.
Yet, as public school officials realize they stand little to gain by remaining hostile to the home-school population, and as home schoolers realize they can reap benefits from public schools, these hard lines seem to be softening a bit. Public schools and home schoolers have moved closer to tolerance and, in some cases, even cooperation.
Says John Marshall, an educational official, “We are becoming relatively tolerant of home schoolers. The idea is, ‘Let’s give the kids access to public school so they’ll see it’s not as terrible as what they’ve been told, and they’ll want to come back.’”
Perhaps, but don’t, count on it, say home-school advocates. Home schoolers oppose the system because they have strong convictions that their approach to education—whether fueled by religious enthusiasm or the individual child’s interests and natural pace—is best.
“The bulk of home schoolers just want to be left alone,” says Enge Cannon, associate director of the National Center For Home Education. She says homeschoolers choose that path for a variety of reasons, but religion plays a role85 percent of the time.
Professor Van Galen breaks home schoolers into two groups. Some home schoolers want their children to learn not only traditional subject matter but also “strict religious doctrine and a conservative
political and social perspective. Not incidentally, they also want their children to learn—both intellectually and emotionally—that the family is the most important institution in society.
Other home schoolers contend “not so much that the schools teach heresy (异端邪说),but that schools teach whatever they teach inappropriately," Van Galen writes."These parents are highly independent and strive to ‘take responsibility’ for their own lives within a society that they define as bureaucratic and inefficient."
6
According to the passage, home schoolers are _____.
A.
those who engage private teachers to provide additional education for their children
B.
those who educate their children at home instead of sending them to school
C.
those who advocate combining public education with home schooling
D.
those who don't go to school but are educated at home by their parents
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
文章第2段第1句指出:许多公立学校倡导者对家庭教育的倡导者态度尖刻,并把他们的行为看作是对公立学校最大的打击。由此可知,home schoolers 是与public school advocates (公立学校倡导者)相对立的一群人,因此B正确。
7
Public schools are softening their position on home schooling because ____.
A.
there isn't much they can do to change the present situation
B.
they want to show their tolerance for different teaching systems
C.
home schooling provides a new variety of education for children
D.
public schools have so many problems that they cannot offer proper education for all children
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
第3段第1句提到:公立学校官员意识到如果他们继续对家庭教育采取敌对态度,他们将一无所获,因此,他们的态度柔和了一点。A与文中内容一致;B、C、D均与文中所陈述之意明显相悖。
8
Home-school advocates arc of the opinion that _____.
A.
things in public schools are not so bad as has often been said
B.
their tolerance of public education will attract more kids to public schools
C.
home schooling is superior and, therefore, they will not easily give in
D.
their increased cooperation with public school will bring about the improvement of public education
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
根据文章第5段第2句和6段第1句:home schoolers认为他们的教学方式是最好的,而且他们希望能继续保持这种方法,C与文中内容一致。A、D在文中没有提及;B与文中信息相悖。
9
Most home schoolers’ opposition to public education stems from their ____.
A.
respect for the interests of individuals
B.
worry about the inefficiency of public schools
C.
concern with the cost involved
D.
devotion to religion
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
第6段第2句和第7段提到, home schoolers之所以坚持自己的教育方法,有85%是由于宗教的原因,他们希望孩子们学习严格的宗教教义和保守的政治和社会观点,D正确。A、B是部分home schoolers的观点;C在文中没有提及。
10
According to Van Galen some home schoolers believe that .
A.
public schools take up a herdlike approach to teaching children
B.
teachers in public school are not as responsible as they should be
C.
public schools cannot provide an education that is good enough for their children
D.
public schools are the source of bureaucracy and inefficiency in modern society
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
最后一段提到:有些home schoolers并不是认为“学校教了—些异端邪说而是认为学校里教什么东西都不得其法,因此C正确。A显然不是Galen的说法,与题意不符;B 文中没有提到;D歪曲了 Galen的意思。
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