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“The world’s environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.” If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog (烟雾）to global climate change, from the felling （砍伐）of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.
After all, the world’s population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.
But they don’t. The reasons why they don’t, and why the environment has not been ruined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why today’s environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.
Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the
planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms during the century. The same is true for food Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long-term trend has been downwards.
It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign (良性的）trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.
1
According to the author, most students _____.
A.
believe the world’s environment is in an undesirable condition
B.
agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be
C.
get high marks for their good knowledge of the world’s environment
D.
appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world’s environment
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
根据文章第1段前两句“如果以《全球环境状况非常好》作为考试题，大多数学生会将试卷撕碎,并列出一大堆的抱怨,从烟雾到全球气候变暖，从砍伐森林到物种灭绝”，由此可推断，大多数学生认为全球环境并不令人满意。因此，A正确。
2
The huge increase in world production and population _____.
A.
has made the world a worse place to live in
B.
has had a positive influence on the environment
C.
has not significantly affected the environment
D.
has made the world a dangerous place to live in
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据文章第2段全段和第3段首句“本世纪，全球人口增加了三倍多，全球产量也有巨大的增长，因此你可能会认为地球会受到影响。的确，如果人们还像1900年或1950年甚至1980年那样居住、消费和生产，那么到现在，地球很可能是一个令人厌恶的地方但人们没有这样做”，注意此处的虚拟语气，由此可推断产量和人口 的增长并没有对全球环境造成太大的影响，故此，应选C。
3
One of the reasons why the long-term trend of prices has been downwards is that .
A.
technological innovation can promote social stability
B.
political instability will cause consumption to drop
C.
new farming and crop technology can lead to overproduction
D.
new sources are always becoming available
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
根据文章第4段第4、5句“每次当一种资源似乎就要匮乏时，价格就会上升，相应地，人们会寻找新的资源，想方设法找到节省资源的方法或者寻找新的替代品。正因为如此，本世纪能源和矿产品的价格实质上已经 下降了”，故应选D。
4
Fish resources are diminishing because _____.
A.
no new substitutes can be found in large quantities
B.
they are not owned by any particular entity
C.
improper methods of fishing have ruined the fishing grounds
D.
water pollution is extremely serious
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据文章最后一段第2、3句“市场并不能总是保持环境的健康发展。如果相关的资源不属于任何人，人们就没有兴趣保护它、培养它。鱼类资源就是一个最好的例子”，因此，可推断B正是鱼类减少的原因。
5
The primary solution to environmental problems is _____.
A.
to allow market forces to operate properly
B.
to curb Consumption of nature resources
C.
to limit the growth of the world population
D.
to avoid fluctuations in prices
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
根据文章最后一段第1句“在价格和市场手段不能正常运转的地方，这种良性的趋势就会动摇，就会出现环境能源等问题”，故此，让市场价格手段正常地发挥作用才是解决环境问题的方法，A与文章的意思相符，故而正确。
Scattered around the globe are more than100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hotspots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hotspots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into these a floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
6
We can learn from the first paragraph that _____.
A.
there are no volcanic activities on hot spots
B.
most hot spots are located in the inner part of a plate
C.
hot spots usually lie at the boundaries of drifting plates
D.
the passage of plates through hot spots will leave dead volcanoes
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据题干直接查找到第1段。第2句第2个分句提到“其中很多位于板块内部的深处”，而表达同样含义的是B 选项。该段第1句指出，这些互不相连、发生火山运动的小地区，地质学家称之为热点，可见A项错误。选项C 与第2句第1个分句的内容相反。倒数第2句提到“在某些情形下，板块移动经过热点留下死火山的痕迹"，即不是所有板块移动都会留下死火山的痕迹，故D错。
7
The author believes that _____.
A.
the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior
B.
the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
C.
the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
D.
the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
文章第2段的开头指出That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute。beyond dispute意为“毋庸置疑”,故答案选B项。从第2段第4句的“但是一个板块相对于另外一个板块的运动不能被顺理成章地解释成板块与它相对于地球内部的运动”，可排除A项。
8
That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that .
A.
the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
B.
they have been found to share certain geological features
C.
the African plate has been stable for 30 million years
D.
over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
从第2段的第3句可知，非洲和南美洲曾经连接在一起的证据有两个——海岸线所具有的互补的特征 (complementary coastlines)及某些地质特点(certain geological features)。 B项符合后者,故为正确答案。
9
The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ______.
A.
the structure of the African plates
B.
the revival of dead volcanoes
C.
the mobility of the continents
D.
the formation of new oceans
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
关于hot spot theory的作用，除了第2段提到的参照作用外，第3段论及的另一个重要作用在于它能够推动板块在地球表面漂移（propel the plates across the globe)，从而引发了新海洋的形成（initiates the formation of a new ocean)。故答案选D项。
10
The passage is mainly about ____.
A.
the features of volcanic activities
B.
the importance of the theory about drifting plates
C.
the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
D.
the process of the formation of volcanoes
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
全文3个段落主要是围绕“热点对于地球物理学研究的意义”而展开的。故答案选C项。全篇共3段，第1段讲的是hot spots的定义与分布，第2段讲hot spots在大陆板块移动中的参照作用，第3段讲hot spots引起新海洋形成的地球物理意义。
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