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Dr. Donald Sadoway at MIT started his own battery company with the hope of changing the world's energy future. It's a dramatic endorsement for a technology most people think about only when their smartphone goes dark. But Sadoway isn't alone in trumpeting energy storage as a missing link to a cleaner, more efficient, and more equitable energy future.
Scientists and engineers have long believed in the promise of batteries to change the world. Advanced batteries are moving out of specialized markets and creeping into the mainstream, signaling a tipping point for forward-looking technologies such as electric cars and rooftop solar panels.
The ubiquitous （无所不在的） battery has already come a long way, of course. For better or worse, batteries make possible our mobile-first lifestyles, our screen culture, our increasingly globalized world. Still, as impressive as all this is, it may be trivial compared with what comes next. Having already enabled a communications revolution, the battery is now poised to transform just about everything else.
The wireless age is expanding to include not just our phones, tablets, and laptops, but also our cars, homes, and even whole communities. In emerging economies, rural communities are bypassing the wires and wooden poles that spread power. Instead, some in Africa and Asia are seeing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.
Today, energy storage is a $33 billion global industry that generates nearly 100 gigawatt-hours of electricity per year. By the end of the decade, it's expected to be worth over $50 billion and generate 160 gigawatt-hours, enough to attract the attention of major companies that might not otherwise be interested in a decidedly pedestrian technology. Even utility companies, which have long viewed batteries and alternative forms of energy as a threat, are learning to embrace the technologies as enabling rather than disrupting. Today's battery breakthroughs come as the world looks to expand modern energy access to the billion or so people without it, while also cutting back on fuels that warm the planet. Those simultaneous challenges appear less overwhelming with increasingly better answers to a centuries-old question: how to make power portable.
To be sure, the battery still has a long way to go before the nightly recharge completely replaces the weekly trip to the gas station. A battery-powered world comes with its own risks, too. What happens to the centralized electric grid, which took decades and billions of dollars to build, as more and more people become "prosumers," who produce and consume their own energy onsite?
No one knows which—if any—battery technology will ultimately dominate, but one thing remains clear. The future of energy is in how we store it.
1
What does Dr. Sadoway think of energy storage?
A.
It involves the application of sophisticated technology.
B.
It is the direction energy development should follow.
C.
It will prove to be a profitable business.
D.
It is a technology benefiting everyone.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
事实细节题。定位句明确指出，萨杜威博士认为电池的能源存储技术关乎更加清洁、有效和合理的能源前景，故答案为B。
2
What is most likely to happen when advanced batteries become widely used?
A.
Mobile-first lifestyles will become popular.
B.
The globalization process will be accelerated.
C.
Communications will take more diverse forms.
D.
The world will undergo revolutionary changes.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推理判断题。由文章第二段可知，科学家和工程师认为电池的广泛应用能够改变世界，第三段最后一句也强调，电池在带来通讯革命的同时，蓄势待发，将要改变几乎所有的一切。综合可知，先进电池的广泛应用将会让世界经历革命性的变化，故答案为D。
3
In some rural communities of emerging economies, people have begun to ___________.
A.
find digital devices simply indispensable
B.
communicate primarily by mobile phone
C.
light their homes with stored solar energy
D.
distribute power with wires and wooden poles
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
事实细节题。定位句指出，在新兴经济体中，乡村社区直接绕开了传输电力的电线和木质电线杆，取而代之的是，一些非洲和亚洲的乡村社区见证了他们的第一批电灯由储存在电池里的太阳能点亮。故答案为C。
4
Utility companies have begun to realize that battery technologies ___________.
A.
benefit their business
B.
transmit power faster
C.
promote innovation
D.
encourage competition
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
事实细节题。定位句指出，即使是那些曾长期将电池和其他能源替代形式视为威胁的公共事业公司，也在学着接受这些技术，看到他们的使用性，而不是侵扰性，说明这些企业开始认识到新的电池技术也会令他们受益，故答案为A。
5
What does the author imply about the centralized electric grid?
A.
It might become a thing of the past.
B.
It might turn out to be a "prosumer".
C.
It will be easier to operate and maintain.
D.
It will have to be completely transformed.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句指出，如果越来越多的人成为“产消合一者”，自己随时产出并消费能源，那些曾花费数十年和上百亿美金建造的中央电网该怎么办呢，由此可推测，由中央电网输送电力的时代可能会成为过去，故答案为A。
More than 100 years ago, American sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois was concerned that race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people. He spoke out against the idea of "white" and "black" as distinct groups, claiming that these distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.
Science would favor Du Bois. Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning. In an article published in the journal Science, four scholars say racial categories need to be phased out.
"Essentially, I could not agree more with the authors，" said Svante Paabo, a biologist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. In one example that demonstrated genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines, the full genomes（基因组） of James Watson and Craig Venter, two famous American scientists of European ancestry, were compared to that of a Korean scientist, Seong-Jin Kim. It turned out that Watson and Venter shared fewer variations in their genetic sequences than they each shared with Kim.
Michael Yudell, a professor of public health at Drexel University in Philadelphia, said that modern genetics research is operating in a paradox: on the one hand, race is understood to be a useful tool to illuminate human genetic diversity, but on the other hand, race is also understood to be a poorly defined marker of that diversity.
Assumptions about genetic differences between people of different races could be particularly dangerous in a medical setting. "If you make clinical predictions based on somebody's race, you're going to be wrong a good chunk of the time," Yudell told Live Science. In the paper, he and his colleagues used the example of cystic fibrosis, which is underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry because it is thought of as a "white" disease.
So what other variables could be used if the racial concept is thrown out? Yudell said scientists need to get more specific with their language, perhaps using terms like "ancestry" or "population" that might more precisely reflect the relationship between humans and their genes, on both the individual and population level. The researchers also acknowledged that there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be useful in scientific research: as a political and social, but not biological, variable.
"While we argue phasing out racial terminology（术语）in the biological sciences, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities（差异）between groups." Yudell said.
6
Du Bois was opposed to the use of race as ________.
A.
a basis for explaining human genetic diversity
B.
an aid to understanding different populations
C.
an explanation for social and cultural differences
D.
a term to describe individual human characteristics
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句指出，杜波依斯担心种族正在被用来从生物学层面解释他所理解的不同人群之间的社会和文化差异。也就是说，杜波依斯认为不同人群之间的差异是社会文化差异，而他担心其他人会从种族的层面理解社会文化差异，故答案为C。
7
The study by Svante Paabo served as an example to show ________.
A.
modern genetics research is likely to fuel racial conflicts
B.
race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity
C.
race as a biological term can explain human genetic diversity
D.
genetics research should consider social and cultural variables
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推理判断题。第三段第一句提到斯万特·帕博认为种族类别需要逐步淘汰，接着第四段又提到现代遗传学研究的操作自相矛盾：一方面，种族被认为是用来说明人类遗传多样性的有用工具，但另一方面，种族又被认为是该多样性界定不清的标志。斯万特·帕博的研究也属于现代遗传学的研究，由此可知，他的研究作为示例表明种族是人类遗传多样性界定不清的标记，故答案为B。
8
The example of the disease cystic fibrosis underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry demonstrates that ________.
A.
it is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosis
B.
it is important to include social variables in genetics research
C.
racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions
D.
discrimination against black people may cause negligence in clinical treatment
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句的第一句指出，亚戴尔认为如果临床预测是基于病人的种族做出的，那么大部分时候结果都是错的，紧接着在下一句里亚戴尔举出囊性纤维化的例子，该疾病被认为是“白种人”的疾病，因此很容易在非裔人身上漏诊，由此可以推出，亚戴尔以囊性纤维化为例是想说明上一句话里的观点，即对遗传多样性进行种族分类可能导致错误的临床预测，故答案为C。
9
What is Yudell's suggestion to scientists?
A.
They be more precise with the language they use.
B.
They refrain from using politically sensitive terms.
C.
They throw out irrelevant concepts in their research.
D.
They examine all possible variables in their research.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
事实细节题。定位句指出，亚戴尔说道，科学家们需要更具体的语言，或许可以使用像“血统”或“人群”这样的术语，它们也许能更准确地在个体和群体层面上反映出人类与其基因之间的关系。故答案为A。
10
What can be inferred from Yudell's remark in the last paragraph?
A.
Clinging to racism prolongs inequity and discrimination.
B.
Physiological disparities are quite striking among races.
C.
Doing away with racial discrimination is challenging.
D.
Racial terms are still useful in certain fields of study.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句指出，亚戴尔说道:“……我们也承认，考虑到我们需要了解结构性的不平等和歧视是如何使群体之间产生健康差异的，将种族用作研究种族主义的政治或社会范畴仍有必要，尽管这充满了挑战。”由此可知，在研究种族歧视的这些领域里，种族术语仍有用，故答案为D。
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