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Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.
Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository （库）, and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects—but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to "shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve". Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.
Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic （利他的）. Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers—those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often—get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. "I'd much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions," she says. "It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible. "
Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.
1
What do many researchers generally accept?
A.
It is imperative to protect scientists' patents.
B.
Repositories are essential to scientific research.
C.
Open data sharing is most important to medical science.
D.
Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的many researchers和generally accept定位到文章首段第二句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，很多研究人员大都认为，让大众接触到原始数据将推动科学发展。由此可见，数据分享对于科学发展是有益的， 这一观点是大多数研究者们都普遍接受的，故答案为D。
2
What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?
A.
Opposed.
B.
Ambiguous.
C.
Liberal.
D.
Neutral.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的attitude和most researchers 定位到文章第二段。观点态度题。定位段第一句指出，尽管有—些研究群体已经同意进行在线分享，但这还仅仅是特例。第二句表明科学家们历来对分享持反对态度，理由各式各样。由此可见，大多数研究者对于公开数据是反对的，故答案为A。
3
According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?
A.
The fear of massive copying.
B.
The lack of a research culture.
C.
The belief that research data is private intellectual property.
D.
The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据题干中的hinder定位到文章第三段首句。推理判断题。定位句指出，阻碍数据分享的壁垒正在消除，接下来一句说到，英国伦敦皇家学会呼吁科学家们转变观念，不要再将科学发现视为自己的私产。由此可见，这种认为研究数据是私人所有的观念就是阻碍数据分享的重要因素，故答案为C。
4
What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?
A.
The ever-growing demand for big data.
B.
The advancement of digital technology.
C.
The changing attitude of journals and funders.
D.
The trend of social and economic development.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的lift和barriers定位到文章第三段第一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，阻碍数据分享的壁垒正在消除，部分原因在于全球的期刊和基金机构都在鼓励科学家们公开自己的数据。由上文可知，之前它们是不敦促分享的，可推出期刊和基金设立者态度的转变为数据分享扫淸了部分障碍，故答案为C。
5
Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ______.
A.
is becoming increasingly popular
B.
benefits sharers and users alike
C.
makes researchers successful
D.
saves both money and labor
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的专有名词Dryad定位到文章第四段第四句。推理判断题。作者在定位段开头就指出分享数据并不纯粹只是利他的，进行分享的研究者个人也会受益匪浅。接下来的定位句部分作为例证证明以上观点，可见这一例证是为了证明数据分享对使用者和分享者同样有益，故答案为B。
Macy's reported its sales plunged 5.2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wide-ranging challenges. Its flagship stores in major U. S. cities depend heavily on international tourist spending, which shrank at many retailers due to a strong dollar. Meanwhile, Macy's has simply struggled to lure consumers who are more interested in spending on travel or dining out than on new clothes or accessories.
The company blamed much of the poor performance in November and December on unseasonably warm weather. "About 80% of our company's year-over-year declines in comparable sales can be attributed to shortfalls （短缺） in cold-weather goods, " said chief executive Terry Lundgren in a press release. This prompted the company to cut its forecasts for the full fourth quarter.
However, it's clear that Macy's believes its troubles run deeper than a temporary aberration （偏离） off the thermometer. The retail giant said the poor financial performance this year has pushed it to begin implementing $ 400 million, in cost-cutting measures. The company pledged to cut 600 back-office positions, though some 150 workers in those roles would be reassigned to other jobs. It also plans to offer "voluntary separation" packages to 165 senior executives. It will slash staffing at its fleet of 770 stores, a move affecting some 3,000 employees.
The retailer also announced the locations of 36 stores it will close in early 2016. The company had previously announced the planned closures, but had not said which locations would be affected. None of the chain's stores in the Washington metropolitan area are to be closed.
Macy's has been moving aggressively to try to remake itself for a new era of shopping. It has plans to open more locations of Macy's Backstage, a newly-developed off-price concept which might help it better compete with ambitious T. J. Maxx. It's also pushing ahead in 2016 with an expansion of Bluemercury, the beauty chain it bought last year. At a time when young beauty shoppers are often turning to Sephora or Ulta instead of department store beauty counters, Macy's hopes Bluemercury will help strengthen its position in the category.
One relative bright spot for Macy's during the holiday season was the online channel, where it rang up "double-digit" increases in sales and a 25% increase in the number of orders it filled. That relative strength would be consistent with what was seen in the wider retail industry during the early part of the holiday season. While Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday all saw record spending online, in-store sales plunged over the holiday weekend.
6
What does the author say about the shrinking spending of international tourists in the U. S.?
A.
It is attributable to the rising value of the U. S. dollar.
B.
It is a direct result of the global economic recession.
C.
It reflects a shift of their interest in consumer goods.
D.
It poses a potential threat to the retail business in the U. S.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的shrinking spending和 international tourists定位到文章首段第二句。细节辨认题。定位句明确指出，梅西百货在美国主要城市的旗舰店主要依赖国际游客消费，但是许多零售店旅游消费均出现缩水，原因就是美元过于强劲，故答案为A。
7
What does Macy's believe about its problems?
A.
They can be solved with better management.
B.
They cannot be attributed to weather only.
C.
They are not as serious in its online stores.
D.
They call for increased investments.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的Macy's believe和its problems 定位到文章第二段第一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，该公司将11月 和12月的不良表现主要归咎于不合时宜的暖冬。 但是，在第三段首句，作者也提到，梅西百货清楚自己的麻烦远比暂时偏离温度计要大得多。故答案为B。
8
In order to cut costs, Macy's decided to ______.
A.
cut the salary of senior executives
B.
relocate some of its chain stores
C.
adjust its promotion strategies
D.
reduce the size of its staff
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
根据题干中的cut costs定位到文章第三段第二句至最后一句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，梅西百货为了减少开支，减少了600个后勤岗位，还计划鼓励高级管理人员主动离职，并减少多家门店的员工人数，可见其缩减开支的主要手段是减少员工人数， 故答案为D。
9
Why does Macy's plan to expand Bluemercury in 2016?
A.
To experiment on its new business concept.
B.
To focus more on beauty products than clothing.
C.
To promote sales of its products by lowering prices.
D.
To be more competitive in sales of beauty products.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的expand和专有名词 Bluemercury定位到文章第五段第三句和第四句。推理判断题。定位句指出，梅西百货将在 2016年大力推进扩展去年收购的美妆用品连锁店 Bluemercury，目的是希望Bluemercury能够有助于巩固其在这一品类的地位，与其他的美妆专营店竞争，故答案为D。
10
What can we learn about Macy's during the holiday season?
A.
Sales dropped sharply in its physical stores.
B.
Its retail sales exceeded those of T. J. Maxx.
C.
It helped Bluemercury establish its position worldwide.
D.
It filled its stores with abundant supply of merchandise.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的holiday season定位到文章第一段第一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，梅西百货在休假季的整体销售是不理想的。又由文章最后可知，在线销售达到了历史最好水平，但是门店的销售还是直线下滑，可见实体店的销售还是下降的，故答案为A。
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