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You may have heard that Coca-Cola once contained an ingredient capable of sparking particular devotion in consumers: cocaine. The "coca" in the name referred to the extracts of coca leaf that the drink's originator, chemist John Pemberton, mixed with his sugary syrup (浆汁). At the time, coca leaf extract mixed with wine was a common tonic (滋补品)，and Pemberton's sweet brew was a way to get around local laws prohibiting the sale of alcohol. But the other half of the name represents another ingredient, less infamous (名声不好的)， perhaps, but also strangely potent: the kola nut.
In West Africa, people have long chewed kola nuts as stimulants, because they contain caffeine that also occurs naturally in tea, coffee, and chocolate. They also have heart stimulants.
Historian Paul Lovejoy relates that the cultivation of kola nuts in West Africa is hundreds of years old. The leafy, spreading trees were planted on graves and as part of traditional rituals. Even though the nuts, which need to stay moist, can be somewhat delicate to transport, traders carried them hundreds of miles throughout the forests and grasslands.
Europeans did not know of them until the 1500s, when Portuguese ships arrived on the coast of what is now Sierra Leone. And while the Portuguese took part in the trade, ferrying nuts down the coast along with other goods, by 1620, when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia, the nuts were still peculiar to his eyes.
By the late 19th century, kola nuts were being shipped by the tonne to Europe and the US. Many made their way into medicines, intended as a kind of energy boost. One such popular medicinal drink was Vin Mariani, a French product consisting of coca extract mixed with red wine. It was created by a French chemist, Angelo Mariani, in 1863. So when Pemberton created his drink, it represented an ongoing trend. When cocaine eventually fell from grace as a beverage ingredient, kola-extract colas became popular.
The first year it was available, Coca-Cola averaged nine servings a day across all the Atlanta soda fountains where it was sold. As it grew more popular, the company sold rights to bottle the soda, so it could travel easily. Today about 1.9 billion Cokes are purchased daily. It's become so iconic that attempts to change its taste in 1985—sweetening it in a move projected to boost sales—proved disastrous, with widespread anger from consumers. "Coca-Cola Classic" returned to store shelves just three months after the "New Coke" was released.
These days, the Coca-Cola recipe is a closely guarded secret. But it's said to no longer contain kola nut extract, relying instead on artificial imitations to achieve the flavour.
1
What do we learn about chemist John Pemberton?
A.
He used a strangely potent ingredient in a food supplement.
B.
He created a drink containing alcohol without breaking law.
C.
He became notorious because of the coca drink he developed.
D.
He risked breaking local law to make a drink with coca leaves.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的人名关键词John Pemberton定位到文章首段第二、三句。事实细节题。文章首段从可口可乐的名字分析介绍其成分，指出名称中的"可口"是指古柯叶的萃取物，而约翰·潘伯顿将其与自制的糖浆混合在一起。由于那时禁售酒精饮料，古柯叶萃取物是常用的饮品原料，它与酒混合是一种常见的滋补品，而brew是一种发酵甜浆，潘伯顿正是使用它来打"擦边球"，规避当地的法律，可见他也是冒着一定违法风险的，故答案为D。
2
What does the passage say about kola nuts?
A.
Their commercial value was first discovered by Portuguese settlers.
B.
They contain some kind of energy boost not found in any other food.
C.
Many were shipped to Europe in the late 19th century for medicinal use.
D.
They were strange to the Europeans when first imported from West Africa.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的kola nuts定位到文章第五段前两句。事实细节题。定位句指出，到十九世纪末，大量可乐果被运送到欧洲和美国，很多都作为能量提升剂入了药，这与C所述是一致的，故答案为C。
3
How come kola-extract colas became popular?
A.
Cocaine had become notorious.
B.
Alcoholic drinks were prohibited.
C.
Fountains were set up to sell them.
D.
Rights were sold to bottle the soda.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
根据题干中的kola-extract colas和became popular定位到文章第五段最后一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，当可卡因作为饮料添加剂最终失宠的时候，含有可乐果萃取物的可乐便流行起来。再上溯至之前的两句可知，以前就有人将古柯叶萃取物与酒精混合制作饮料，所以古柯叶是流行的药饮成分，而人们逐渐不再喜欢添加可卡因时，可乐果萃取物正好成了它的替代品，因此流行起来，故答案为A。
4
What is known about the taste of Coca-Cola?
A.
It was so designed as to create addiction in consumers.
B.
It still relies on traditional kola nut extract.
C.
It has become more popular among the old.
D.
It has remained virtually unchanged since its creation.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的taste of Coca-Cola定位到文章第六段最后两句。推理判断题。定位句指出，可口可乐公司为了提高销量曾经试图改变该饮品的口味，但结果是一场灾难性的失败，而经典可口可乐仍然保持着其原有的口味，可见这种饮品从创立到现在，口味基本上没有改变，故答案为D。
5
What is the passage mainly about?
A.
The evolution of Coca-Cola.
B.
The success story of Coca-Cola.
C.
The medicinal value of Coca-Cola.
D.
The business strategy of Coca-Cola.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
本题解答需综合全文信息。主旨大意题。文章开头引出话题，从"可口可乐"名称构成上介绍了其两种主要成分，随后重点介绍其中一种原料——"可乐果"的相关历史背景，说明了"可乐果"萃取物入药和成为饮料成分的发展过程，并进一步介绍了可口可乐从发明到流行及经历了一次"未遂"的口味转变等情况，最后说到如今它的口味与成分，可见全文是介绍可口可乐这种饮料的变化发展，故答案为A。
Twenty years ago, the Urban Land Institute defined the two types of cities that dominated the US landscape: smaller cities that operated around standard 9-5 business hours and large metropolitan areas that ran all 24 hours of the day. Analyzing and comparing cities using the lens of this basic divide gives interesting context to how investment capital flows and housing prices have shifted.
In recent years, many mid-sized cities have begun to adopt a middle-of-the-road approach incorporating the excitement and opportunity of large cities with small cities' quiet after midnight. These 18-hour cities are beginning to make waves in real estate rankings and attract more real estate investment. What is underlying this new movement in real estate, and why do these cities have so much appeal?
18-hour cities combine the best of 24-hour and 9-5 cities, which contributes to downtown revitalization. For decades, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized were abandoned after work hours by workers who lived in the suburbs. Movement out of city centers was widespread, and downtown tenants were predominantly made up of the working poor. This generated little commerce for downtown businesses in the evenings, which made business and generating tax revenue for municipal upkeep difficult. With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for urban areas that caused the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and policy in smaller cities.
Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants, retail, and entertainment—especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit—makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic. These adjustments encourage employers in the knowledge and talent industries to keep their offices downtown. Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike. Because of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themselves, then have some quiet after midnight, as opposed to large major cities like New York, where the buzz of activity is ongoing.
These 18-hour cities are rapidly on the rise and offer great opportunities for homeowner investment. In many of these cities such as Denver, a diverse and vigorous economy attracted to the urban core has offered stable employment for residents. The right urban mix has propped up home occupancy, increased property values, and attracted significant investment capital.
6
What do we learn about American cities twenty years ago?
A.
They were divided into residential and business areas.
B.
Their housing prices were linked with their prosperity.
C.
There was a clear divide between large and small cities.
D.
They were places where large investment capital flowed.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的twenty years ago定位到文章首段第一句。事实细节题。定位句明确指出，美国城市土地学会在二十年前定义了美国国土上两种主流的城市类型：实行朝九晚五商业时间的小城市和一天24小时都运转的大都市，说明那时的城市有明显的大小之分，故答案为C。
7
What can be inferred from the passage about 18-hour cities?
A.
They especially appeal to small businesses.
B.
They have seen a rise in property prices.
C.
They have replaced quiet with excitement.
D.
They have changed America's landscape.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的18-hour cities定位到文章第二段第二句。推理判断题。文章第二段第二句提到，这些18小时城市开始在房地产排名中引起轩然大波，暗示出它们的排名上升，房产升值；而最后一段末句更是直接提到这些18小时城市中房产价值增加了，故答案为B。
8
Years ago, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities .
A.
had hardly any business activity
B.
were crowded in business hours
C.
exhibited no signs of prosperity
D.
looked deserted in the evenings
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
根据题干中的Years ago和downtown cores定位到文章第三段第二句。事实细节题。定位句指出，数十年来，很多中小城市的中心区域在居住于郊区的工人们结束了一天的工作后即被摒弃，可见那时这些城市区域在晚间看起来十分萧条，故答案为D。
9
What characterizes the new downtown areas in 18-hour cities?
A.
A sudden emergence of the knowledge industry.
B.
Flooding in of large crowds of migrant workers.
C.
Modernized housing and improved infrastructure.
D.
More comfortable life and greater upward mobility.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的new downtown areas in 18-hour cities定位到文章第四段第一句。推理判断题。定位句提到，这些18小时城市将现代住宅与改善了的基础设施相结合，这些是传统的大小两类城市所不具备的特点，故答案为C。
10
What have 18-hour cities brought to the local residents?
A.
More chances for promotion.
B.
Healthier living environment.
C.
Greater cultural diversity.
D.
Better job opportunities.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的local residents定位到文章最后一段第二句。事实细节题。定位句明确指出，由于这些新兴的18小时城市吸引到多元化、有活力的经济，可以为当地的居民提供更加稳定的工作机会，可见D的陈述符合原文，故答案为D。
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