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When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn’t until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn’t emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which collegial (同事的) ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more.
Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.
In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of “indifferent relationships”. It’s a simple term that encapsulates (概括) the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.
Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they’re especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort.
As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits. One of those is efficiency. Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning (产出).
The other is self-esteem. As human beings, we’re primed to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-inducing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances more so than friends. Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferent relationships, their predominance can bolster individuals’ sense of self-worth.
Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one’s focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None of that might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey, I’ll take it anyway.
1
What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world?
A.
Making new friends with his workmates was not as easy as he had anticipated.
B.
Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him expel solitary feelings.
C.
Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than self-employment.
D.
Building close relationships with his colleagues was not as important as he had expected.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
本题考查作者重回职场的感悟,由re-entered the corporate world定位至首段①②句(When I re entered the full-time workforce...It wasn't until I enter the corporate world that...)。将原文作者感悟:与同事交朋友并非那么重要(not... a priority at all)窜改为并非那么容易(not...easy)。B利用首句“10年自由职业孤单,重回职场之际最期待又能与同事为友”捏造出“积极人际关系能消除孤独感”,但文中并未提及积极人际关系对孤独感的作用。C由③④句“职场中亲密人际关系的重要性”捏造出“职场工作比自由职业更需要人际交往能力”,但文中并未提及这两种工作对人际交往能力的要求。文首两句对比作者重回职场前后的心理感受:最期待与同事为友VS与同事为友根本算不上头等大事。可见,作者重回职场前以为与同事为友是头等大事,而重回职场后发现这根本算不上头等大事,故D正确。
2
What do we learn from many studies about collegial relationships?
A.
Inharmonious relationships have an adverse effect on productivity.
B.
Harmonious relationships are what many companies aim to cultivate.
C.
Close collegial relationships contribute very little to product quality.
D.
Conflicting relationships in the workplace exist almost everywhere.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
本题考查有关同事关系的研究,由studies about cllegial relationships定位至首段末句(research...collegial ties..)由首段③句”培训师、管理者都强调亲密的同事关系的重要性”推导而来,但这是管理现状,并非研究所涉内容。D根据段末句尾such as team-based conflict,jealousy,undemnining,anger,and more所展现出的“职场中问题多多”捏造出“职场中冲突无处不在”,但文中无据可依。该句指出,许多研究探索了“(亲密)同事关系如何帮助克服职场中一系列影响工作效率和工作质量的问题的方式”,由此可见,密切/和谐的同事关系会对工作效率和质量有积极影响,而疏远/不和谐的同事关系会对工作效率和质量有消极影响。故A正确,同时排除C。
3
What can be inferred about relationships at work from an academic analysis?
A.
They should be cultivated.
B.
They are virtually irrelevant.
C.
They are vital to corporate culture.
D.
They should be reasonably intimate.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
本题考查学术分析中对职场关系的相关信息,由relationships at work、an academic analysis可定位至第三段(In an academic analysis...relationships at work...)A、C均流露出“职场关系重要”之意,与学术分析所示信息相悖;D将can reasonably be non- intimate“可以合理地不亲密(不亲密也合理)”窜改为should be reasonably intimate“应该适当亲密”(附注:文中reasonably用以说明can b...,选项中reasonably用以说明intimate,有语义差别)。段中首先引出学术分析中探讨的概念:淡漠关系;随后对它进行具体介绍:这一术语简单,却囊括这样一个事实——职场关系可以不亲密、微不足道、不重要、甚至可以用完即扔或可任意取代。由此可推知,职场关系几乎无关紧要,故B正确。
4
What does the author say about people who are socially lazy?
A.
They feel uncomfortable when engaging in social interactions.
B.
They often find themselves in confrontation with their colleagues.
C.
They are unwilling to make efforts to maintain Workplace relationships.
D.
They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issues.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
本题考查作者对社交懒人的评价,由socially lazy定位至第四段③句。A、B均根据②句(value)harmony over confrontation“重和谐甚于冲突”分别捏造出“人际交往不适(因为害怕冲突所以重视和谐)”、“常与人发生冲突(为了避免冲突而选择和谐)”,D则根据②句value independence over cooperation“重独立甚于合作”捏造出“缺乏基本沟通技巧(因为不会沟通而选择独立)”,但文中这两个value A over B结构均非说明社交懒人,而是与之并行的另一群体:重独立甚于合作、重和谐甚于冲突的人群。第四段③句指出,淡漠(关系)是社交懒人首选;随后④⑤句补充说明原因:长期维持关系需要付出(太多)势力。可见,对于社交懒人而言,他们不愿意努力维持职场关系,他们选择淡漠职场关系,认为职场关系并不重要(不影响工作效率及质量),故C正确。
5
What is one of the benefits of indifferent relationships?
A.
They provide fun at work.
B.
They help control emotions.
C.
They help resolve differences.
D.
They improve work efficiency.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
本题考查淡漠关系的好处,由benefits of indifferent relationships定位至第五、六、七段。A中fun来自文末句,但这里指“淡漠关系(带来的益处)不如下班后社交有趣”,而非“淡漠关系为工作提供乐趣”。B由indifferent的常规联想(冷静克制)和末段emotional neutrality(情感中立)杂糅捏造出“控制情绪”,原文并无根据。C将第五段首句“解决工作问题(resolving...issues...at work)”篡改为“解决分歧(resolve differences)”。第五段末两句指出好处之一:效率——花在闲聊、社交上的时间更少意味着有更好的时间来工作及产出,意即,淡漠关系能够提升工作效率,故D正确。
In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make us special. This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an “irrational” response.
One of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early 2017 was the efforts of Google to make autonomous driving a reality. According to a report, Google’s self-driving cars clocked 1,023,330 krn, and required human intervention 124 times. That is one intervention about every 8,047 km of autonomous driving. But even more impressive is the progress in just a single year: human interventions fell from 0.8 times per thousand miles to 0.2, a 400% improvement. With such progress, Google’s cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this year.
Driving once seemed to be a very human skill. But we said that about chess, too. Then a computer beat the human world champion, repeatedly. The board game Go (围棋) took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in 2016, when a computer beat one of the world’s leading professional Go players. With computers conquering what used to be deeply human tasks, what will it mean in the future to be human? I worry about my six-year-old son. What will his place be in a world where machines beat us in one area after another? He’ll never calculate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely. Actually, it all comes down to a fairly simple question: What’s so special about us? It can’t be skills like arithmetic, which machines already excel in. So far, machines have a pretty hard time emulating creativity, arbitrary enough not to be predicted by a computer, and yet more than simple randomness.
Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, we’ll soon have helpful rational assistants. So we must aim to complement the rationality of the machine, rather than to compete with it. If I'm right, we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine. Unfortunately, however, our education system has not caught up to the approaching reality. Indeed, our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality, and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines. We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human decision-making. But most of all we need to keep the long-term perspective in mind: that even if computers will outsmart us, we can still be the most creative. Because if we aren’t, we won’t be providing much value in future ecosystems, and that may put in question the foundation for our existence.
6
What is the author’s greatest concern about the use of AI?
A.
Computers are performing lots of creative tasks.
B.
Many abilities will cease to be unique to human beings.
C.
Computers may become more rational than humans.
D.
Many human skills are fast becoming outdated.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
本题考查作者对AI应用的担忧,根据题干关键词greatest concern和AI定位至第一段(AI... grand challenge)。A、D均从定位信息过度推断而来,前者与第三段段末信息“AI尚不能仿效人类的创造力”相悖,后者Many... outdated过于绝对,文中并无信息支撑。C看似符合第四段首句对AI的预测“继续改进信息处理机器将为我们带来具备理性(rational)的好帮手”,但首先“好帮手”≠“更理性”,其次该内容立足“正面”,并非作者担忧之事。第一段①句介绍趋势:人工智能将在许多我们自以为独特的能力方面超越我们。②句评论:这是我们当今时代的一大挑战。由此可知,作者担忧AI的应用将导致很多能力不再为人类所独有,B正确。
7
What impresses the author most in the field of AI?
A.
Google’s experimental driverless cars require little human intervention.
B.
Google’s cars have surpassed his driving ability in just a single year.
C.
Google has made huge progress in autonomous driving in a short time.
D.
Google has become a world leader in the field of autonomous driving.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
本题询问最令作者叹服的AI领域成就,可结合题干关键词impress与选项复现词Google定位至第二段(Goole...impressive)A源于第二段中②③句信息,但“AI程度高”并非题干所问的“impresses the author the most”,其次little intervention有些绝对:少≠几乎无需。B将⑤句“未来预测(will easily surpass)”歪曲为“当前事实”。D由①句谷歌驾驶技术“引发高度关注”过度推断出“领先全世界”。本段介绍了AI领域重大应用之一“谷歌自动驾驶汽车”。①句首先指出谷歌在自动驾驶方面的势力引发关注。②③句具体介绍其成就:自动驾驶汽车仅需要极少的人为预操作。④句进而引出更令人叹服的内容:仅一年内自动化程度就提高400%。综上可知,最令作者印象深刻的当属谷歌自动驾驶技术“在短时间内取得的巨大进步”,C正确。
8
What do we learn from the passage about creativity?
A.
It is rational.
B.
It is predictable.
C.
It is human specific.
D.
It is yet to be emulated by AI.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
本题考查创造力的事实细节,定位至第三段末句Cetity...)。A与句中creativity的修饰语arbitrary enough no to be predicted by a computer(主观任意性很强,机器没法习得规律)所含之意创造力非理性、不合逻辑相悖。C将文中比较对象“人机对比——机器很难模仿”愉换为“人类与万物对比”并得出创造力为人类专属的武断结论。该句指出,目前为止,机器(即AI)想模仿创造力还相当困难,因为创造力不是单纯的随机。它具有很强的任意性,不是计算机所能够推知的。故D正确,同时排除B。
9
What should schools help children do in the era of AI?
A.
Cultivate original thinking.
B.
Learn to work independently.
C.
Compete with smart machines.
D.
Understand how AI works.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
本题询问学校在Al时代应履行的教育义务,根据题干关键词help children定位至第四段⑥句(help our children)。B从⑤句obedient servants臆断出“学生不成熟、不独立”,但“顺从”在文中对应“打破常规、创新”。C与②句“我们不应与机器(的理性)争斗”相悖。D将段中所述“与机器通力合作”误读为“必须掌握AI相关技能(以驾驳、协同)”但“通力合作”是作者在摆正人类态度不应竞争/敌对,面应加以利用”,面非对学校的期许,事实上文中对当前教育的不满并非“忽视AI相关教育”,而是“对理性内容灌输过多,忽略创新能力”。该句指出,我们需要帮助孩子,让他们学会如何与智能计算机合作,改善人类决策。而回顾②③句可知,人类需要借助创造力与机器的理性形成互补,我们需要鼓励创新精神。综上可知,学校应该鼓励并帮助学童培养创新思维,A正确。
10
How can we humans justify our future existence?
A.
By constantly outsmarting computers.
B.
By adopting a long-term perspective.
C.
By rationally compromising with AI.
D.
By providing value with our creativity.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
本题询问“人类如何为我们未来的存在正名(=要想不被机器阁汰,应该如何做)”。根据题干关键词our future existence定位至第四段末句。A、B干扰均源于⑦句:A利用让步状语“计算机可能会变得比我们聪明”过度推断出“我们需要在智力理性上胜过计算机,但这与②句我们应该与计算机的理性形成互补,而非与之竞争相悖,B虽然复现长远眼光”,但此处意在提振我们人类的士气:长期来看人类仍然可以做到比机器更具创造力;”眼光长远并不能解决人类在AI时代存续的问题。C源于段中“合作、互补”等信息,但文中并未提及“人类必须妥协,其次“理性地”恰恰是作者希望人类暂且放下的东西,创造力对应的实为“非理性非逻辑”。本句指出,如果我们做不到这点(we aren’t)。那么我们就不能在未来创造多少价值,从而动摇自身存在的根基。回溯⑦句可知,“这点”的具体内容却指“具有创造力(be the most creative)综上可知,未来人类需要利用创造力创造价值,这样才能捍卫自身存在,D正确。
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