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Schools are not just a microcosm (缩影) of society; they mediate it too. The best seek to alleviate the external pressures on their pupils while equipping them better to understand and handle the world outside-at once sheltering them and broadening their horizons. This is ambitious in any circumstances, and in a divided and unequal society the two ideals can clash outright (直接地) .
Trips that many adults would consider the adventure of a lifetime-treks in Borneo, a sports tour to Barbados-appear to have become almost routine at some state schools. Parents are being asked for thousands of pounds. Though schools cannot profit from these trips, the companies that arrange them do. Meanwhile, pupils arrive at school hungry because their families can't afford breakfast. The Child Poverty Action Group says nine out of 30 in every classroom fall below the poverty line. The discrepancy is startlingly apparent. Introducing a fundraising requirement for students does not help, as better-off children can tap up richer aunts and neighbours.
Probing the rock pools of a local beach or practising French on a language exchange can fire children's passions, boost their skills and open their eyes to life's possibilities. Educational outings help bright but disadvantaged students to get better scores in A-level tests. In this globalised age, there is a good case for international travel, and some parents say they can manage the cost of a school trip abroad more easily than a family holiday. Even in the face of immense and mounting financial pressures, some schools have shown remarkable determination and ingenuity in ensuring that all their pupils are able to take up opportunities that may be truly life-changing. They should be applauded. Methods such as whole-school fundraising, with the proceeds (收益) pooled, can help to extend opportunities and fuel community spirit.
But 3,000 pounds trips cannot be justified when the average income for families with children is just over 3,000 pounds. Such initiatives close doors for many pupils. Some parents pull their children out of school because of expensive field trips. Even parents who can see that a trip is little more than a party or celebration may well feel guilt that their child is left behind.
The Department for Education's guidance says schools can charge only for board and lodging if the trip is part of the syllabus, and that students receiving government aid are exempt from these costs. However, many schools seem to ignore the advice; and it does not cover the kind of glamorous, exotic trips, which are becoming increasingly common. Schools cannot be expected to bring together communities single-handed. But the least we should expect is that they do not foster divisions and exclude those who are already disadvantaged.
1
What does the author say best schools should do?
A.
Prepare students to both challenge and change the divided unequal society.
B.
Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world.
C.
Motivate students to develop their physical as well as intellectual abilities.
D.
Encourage students to be ambitious and help them to achieve their goals.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
第一段②句指出，最好的学校(The best即The best schools)“指导学生更好地理解并应对外面的世界”的同时，还会“缓解学生背负的外部压力”，正确项B包含这两项内容。
2
What does the author think about school field trips?
A.
They enable students from different backgrounds to mix with each other.
B.
They widen the gap between privileged and disadvantaged students.
C.
They give the disadvantaged students a chance to see the world.
D.
They only benefit students with rich relatives and neighbours.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
第二段指出，研学旅行要求父母拿出数千英镑，而有些学生早饭也吃不起，差距明显；第三段退而表示，研学旅行本身确实对学生有益；第四段转折指出，旅行过贵致其弊远大于利，扼杀了许多学生的受教育机会。综上可知，作者认为研学旅行将进一步拉大有钱人家的学生与贫困生的差距，B正确。
3
What does the author suggest can help build community spirit?
A.
Events aiming to improve community services.
B.
Activities that help to fuel students' ingenuity.
C.
Events that require mutual understanding.
D.
Activities involving all students on campus.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
第三段⑥句指出，“全校筹款、共同获益”可让更多学生享受到研学旅行的机会、促进团体精神；亦即让全体学生都参与进来有助于增强团体精神，D正确。
4
What do we learn about low-income parents regarding school field trips?
A.
They want their children to participate even though they don't see much benefit.
B.
They don't want their kids to participate but find it hard to keep them from going.
C.
They don't want their kids to miss any chance to broaden their horizons despite the cost.
D.
They want their children to experience adventures but they don't want them to run risks.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
第四段③句指出，有些父母因为校外旅行昂贵让孩子退学；④句指出，有些父母认为校外旅行不过是场聚会或庆祝，但自己孩子不参加又觉得落于人后，即还是想让孩子参加。A正确解读后一种父母心态。
5
What is the author's expectation of schools?
A.
Bringing a community together with ingenuity.
B.
Resolving the existing discrepancies in society.
C.
Avoiding creating new gaps among students.
D.
Giving poor students preferential treatment.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
本段③④句指出，不能指望学校凭一己之力团结不同的群体，但学校至少不能加剧阶层分化、把已经处于弱势地位的学生排斥在外。由此可知C正确。
Rising temperatures and overfishing in the pristine (未受污染的) waters around the Antarctic could see king penguin populations pushed to the brink of extinction by the end of the century, according to a new study. The study's report states that as global warming transforms the environment in the world's last great wilderness, 70 percent of king penguins could either disappear or be forced to find new breeding grounds.
Co-author Celine Le Bohec, from the University of Strasbourg in France, warned: " If there're no actions aimed at halting or controlling global warming, and the pace of the current human-induced changes such as climate change and overfishing stays the same, the species may soon disappear." The findings come amid growing concern over the future of the Antarctic. Earlier this month a separate study found that a combination of climate change and industrial fishing is threatening the krill (磷虾) population in Antarctic waters, with a potentially disastrous impact on whales, seals and penguins. But today's report is the starkest warning yet of the potentially devastating impact of climate change and human exploitation on the Antarctic's delicate ecosystems.
Le Bohec said: " Unless current greenhouse gas emissions drop, 70 percent of king penguins-1.1 million breeding pairs-will be forced to relocate their breeding grounds, or face extinction by 2100." King penguins are the second-largest type of penguin and only breed on specific isolated islands in the Southern Ocean where there is no ice cover and easy access to the sea. As the ocean warms, a body of water called the Antarctic Polar Front-an upward movement of nutrient-rich sea that supports a huge abundance of marine life-is being pushed further south. This means that king penguins, which feed on fish and krill in this body of water, have to travel further to their feeding grounds, leaving their hungry chicks for longer. And as the distance between their breeding grounds and their food grows, entire colonies could be wiped out.
Le Bohec said: " The plight of the king penguin should serve as a warning about the future of the entire marine environment in the Antarctic. Penguins, like other seabirds and marine mammals, occupy higher levels in the food chain and they are what we call bio-indicators of their ecosystems." Penguins are sensitive indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. As such, they are key species for understanding and predicting impacts of global change on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic marine ecosystems. The report found that although some king penguins may be able to relocate to new breeding grounds closer to their retreating food source, suitable new habitats would be scarce. Only a handful of islands in the Southern Ocean are suitable for sustaining large breeding colonies.
6
What will happen by 2100, according to a new study?
A.
King penguins in the Antarctic will be on the verge of dying out.
B.
Sea water will rise to a much higher level around the Antarctic.
C.
The melting ice cover will destroy the great Antarctic wilderness.
D.
The pristine waters around the Antarctic will disappear forever.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
首段①句指出新研究发现，气温上升与过度捕捞将见证王企鹅于本世纪末被逼至灭绝边缘，A正确。
7
What do we learn from the findings of a separate study?
A.
Shrinking krill population and rising temperatures could force Antarctic whales to migrate.
B.
Human activities have accelerated climate change in the Antarctic region in recent years.
C.
Industrial fishing and climate change could be fatal to certain Antarctic species.
D.
Krill fishing in the Antarctic has worsened the pollution of the pristine waters.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
第二段③句指出另一项独立研究的发现：气候变化与工业捕捞的同时进行正在威胁着南极水域的磷虾，这很可能会对鲸、海豹、企鹅造成灾难性影响，C正确。
8
What does the passage say about king penguins?
A.
They will tum out to be the second-largest species of birds to become extinct.
B.
Many of them will have to migrate to isolated islands in the Southern Ocean.
C.
They feed primarily on only a few kinds of krill in the Antarctic Polar Front.
D.
The majority of them may have to find new breeding grounds in the future.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
第三段①句指出，除非温室气体排放量下降，否则70%的王企鹅将在2100年面临“不迁徙繁殖地则消亡”的情形，即：原有的繁殖地不再适宜，不得不被迫迁往他处，D正确。
9
What happens when sea levels rise in the Antarctic?
A.
Many baby king penguins can't have food in time.
B.
Many king penguins could no longer live on krill.
C.
Whales will invade king penguins' breeding grounds.
D.
Whales will have to travel long distances to find food.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
第三段③句先指出，随着海洋升温，南大洋极锋南移。④句后介绍王企鹅以极锋中的鱼虾为食，随着极锋南移，繁殖地与食物源间距拉大，饥饿的小企鹅们需等待更久(企鹅妈妈们才能找回食物)。A正确。
10
What do we learn about the Southern Ocean?
A.
The king penguins there are reluctant to leave for new breeding grounds.
B.
Its conservation is key to the sustainable propagation of Antarctic species.
C.
It is most likely to become the ultimate retreat for species like the king penguin.
D.
Only a few of its islands can serve as huge breeding grounds for king penguins.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
第四段⑤⑥句指出，虽然一些王企鹅或许能迁徙到新的繁殖地，以离食物源更近，但实际上合适的栖息地极为稀缺。南大洋中只有少数岛屿适合承载大型繁殖群体，D正确。
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