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第34关
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Humans are fascinated by the Source of their failings and virtues. This preoccupation inevitably leads to an old debate; whether nature or nurture moulds us mote. A revolution in genetics has poised this as a modern political question about the character of our society: if personalities are hard-wired into our genes, what can governments do to help us? It feels morally questionable, yet claims of genetic selection by intelligence are making headlines.
This is down to "hereditarian"(遗传论的) science and a recent paper claimed "differences in exam performance between pupils attending selective and non-selective schools mirror the genetic differences between them". With such an assertion, the work was predictably greeted by a lot of absurd claims about “genetics determining academic successw. What the research revealed was the rather less surprising result: the educational benefits of selective schools largely disappear once pupils' inborn ability and socio economic background were taken into account. It is a glimpse of the blindingly obvious—and there's nothing to back strongly either a hereditary or environmental argument.
Yet the paper does say children are "unintentionally genetically selected" by the school system. Central to hereditarian science is a tall claim: that identifiable variations in genetic sequences can predict an individua's aptness to learn, reason and solve problems. This is problematic on many levels. A teacher could not seriously tell a parent their child has a low genetic tendency to study when external factors clearly exist. Unlike-minded academics say the inheritability of human traits is scientifically unsound. At best there is a weak statistical association and not a causal link between DNA and intelligence. Yet sophisticated statistics are used to create an intimidatory atmosphere of scientific certainty.
While there's an undoubted genetic basis to individual difference, it is wrong to think that socially defined groups can be genetically accounted for. The fixation on genes as destiny is surely false too. Medical predictability can rarely be based on DNA alone; the environment matters too. Something as complex as intellect is likely to be affected by many factors beyond genes. If hereditarians want to advance their cause it will require more balanced interpretation and not just acts of advocacy.
Genetic selection is a way of exerting influence over others, "the ultimate collective control of human destinies," as writer H. G. Wells put it. Knowledge becomes power and power requires a sense of responsibility. In understanding cognitive ability, we must not elevate discrimination to a science; allowing people to climb the ladder of life only as far as their cells might suggest. This will need a more sceptical eye on the science. As technology progresses, we all have a duty to make sure that we shape a future that we would want to find ourselves in.
1
What did a recent research paper claim?
A.
The type of school students attend makes a difference to their future.
B.
Genetic differences between students are far greater than supposed.
C.
The advantages of selective schools are too obvious to ignore.
D.
Students' academic performance is determined by their genes.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的recent research paper定位到第二段第一句。事实细节题。文章第二段第一句指出，近期的一篇论文声称来自精英学校和普通学校的学生在考试成绩上的差异反映了他们基因的不同。第二句说这种论断引发了很多荒谬的主张，认为“基因决定了学业的成功”。由此可知近期这项研究支持“基因决定智力"的观点。故答案为D。文章只提到精英学校和普通学校学生的考试成绩有差异，并未指出不同学校对学生的未来会产生影响，故排除A；文章主要说明遗传决定 论科学认为基因差异导致智力差异，并未提到学 生基因差异大小的问题，故排除B；第二段第三句指出，当把学生的天资以及社会经济背景因素考虑在内时，精英学校的教育优势在很大程度上就消失了，这与C正相反，故排除C。
2
What does the author think of the recent research?
A.
Its result was questionable.
B.
Its implication was positive.
C.
Its influence was rather negligible.
D.
Its conclusions were enlightening.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的recent research及题文同序原则定位到第二段末及第三段前半部分。事实细节题。文章第二段最后一句话中，作者指出现在还没有强有力的证据可以支持遗传论或环境决定论。在第三段第二句中，作者介绍了遗传决定论的主张，之后在第三句中指出这种说法在很多层面上都存在问题。由此可知，作者对研究的结果是抱有怀疑态度的。故答案为A。在第二段末尾以及第三段第三句，作者一直在强调遗传决定论提出的主张是有问题的，所以B“它的影响是积极的”和D“它的结论是有启发意义的”与作者观点相反，故排除；第一段最后一句指出，这项研究成了头条新闻，第二段第二句又提到，该工作引发了很多荒谬的主张，说明它是有一定影响力的，故排除C。
3
What does the author say about the relationship between DNA and intelligence?
A.
It is one of scientific certainty.
B.
It is not one of cause and effect.
C.
It is subject to interpretation of statistics.
D.
It is not fully examined by gene scientists.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的relationship between DNA and intelligence定位到第三段倒数第二句。事实细节题。第三段倒数第二句指出，DNA和智力之间的关系充其量只是一种微弱的统计数据上的关联，绝不是因果关系。由此可知，答案为B。第三段最后一句话指出，复杂的统计数据被用来创造一种科学确定性的氛围。这里作者客观指出目前大环境的一种情况，而并不是认为这项研究的结果是具有科学确定性的，故排除A；第三段倒数第二句指出，两者间的关联最多也就是有统计数据上的微弱关联，而C说两者关亲取决于对统计数据的解释，与原文不符，故排除C；一些基因科学家的观点就是DNA决定智力，D与文章意思不符，故排除。
4
What do hereditarians need to do to make their claims convincing?
A.
Take all relevant factors into account in interpreting their data.
B.
Conduct their research using more sophisticated technology.
C.
Gather gene data from people of all social classes.
D.
Cooperate with social scientists in their research.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的hereditarians和claims定位到第四段最后一句。推理判断题。第四段最后一句提到，如果遗传论者想推进他们的工作，就需要更多客观公 正的解释，而不仅仅是宣扬他们的论点。也就是说，如果遗传论者想要更多人信服他们的观点，就应该对他们研究的结果做更加周全与综合的解释，即将更多相关因素考虑在内，故答案为A。本文并未提及遗传论者在做研究时所用的技术精密与否，故排除B；C是针对第四段中 socially defined groups设置的干扰，但原文的意思是社会群体的界定不能只用基因来解释，外部环境的影响同样重要，与C提出的“收集社会各阶层人群的基因数据”的论点不一致，故排除；D项在文章中并未提及，故排除。
5
What does the author warn against in the passage?
A.
Exaggerating the power of technology in shaping the world.
B.
Losing sight of professional ethics in conducting research.
C.
Misunderstanding the findings of human cognition research.
D.
Promoting discrimination in the name of science.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由选项中的technology、cognition及discrimination等词定位到最后一段。推理判断题。最后一段第三句指出，在理解认知能力的过程中，我们不能将歧视抬高为科学：这将导致人类只能在他们基因暗示的范围内攀登人生的阶梯。结合该段第一句中作者引用作家威尔斯对遗传选择的看法：是对人类命运集体控制的终极形式，综合可知，作者认为不能以科学的名义宣扬歧视，故答案为D。A是针对最后一段最后一句话中的as technology progresses设置的干扰。原文的意思是随着技术的进步，我们有责任守住底线，不去宣扬歧视，与选项中夸大技术改变世界的力量的意思完全不一致，故排除A；原文没有提及职业道德，故排除B；原文中提到在理解认知能力的过程中，我们要警惕将歧视抬高为科学，这与C“误解对人类认知研究的发现”意思不一致，故排除C。
Nicola Sturgeon's speech last Tuesday setting out the Scottish government's legislative programme for the year ahead confirmed what was already pretty clear. Scottish councils are set to be the first in the UK with the power to levy charges on visitors, with Edinburgh likely to lead the way.
Tourist taxes are not new. The Himayalan kingdom of Bhutan has a longstanding policy of charging visitors a daily fee. France's tax on overnight stays was introduced to assist thermal spa(温泉) towns to develop, and around half of French local authorities use it today.
But such levies are on the rise. Moves by Barcelona and Venice to deal with the phenomenon of "over-tourism" through the use of charges have recently gained prominence. Japan and Greece are among the countries to have recently introduced tourist taxes.
That the UK lags behind is due to our weak, by international standards, local government, as well as the opposition to taxes and regulation of our aggressively pro-market ruling party. Some UK cities have lobbied without success for the power to levy a charge on visitors. Such levies are no universal remedy as the amounts raised would be tiny compared with what has been taken away by central government since 2010. Still, it is to be hoped that the Scottish government's bold move will prompt others to act. There is no reason why visitors to the UK, or domestic tourists on holiday in hotspots such as Cornwall, should be exempt from taxation—particularly when vital local services including waste collection, park maintenance and arts and culture spending are under unprecedented strain.
On the contrary, compelling tourists to make a financial contribution to the places they visit beyond their personal consumption should be part of a wider cultural shift. Westerners with disposable incomes have often behaved as if they have a right to go wherever they choose with little regard for the consequences. Just as the environmental harm caused by aviation and other transport must come under far greater scrutiny, the social cost of tourism must also be confronted. This includes the impact of short-term lets on housing costs and quality of life for residents. Several European capitals, including Paris and Berlin, are leading a campaign for tougher regulation by the European Union. It also includes the impact of overcrowding, litter and the kinds of behaviour associated with noisy parties.
There is no "one size fits all" solution to this problem. The existence of new revenue streams for some but not all councils is complicated, and businessess are often opposed, fearing higher costs, will make them uncompetitive. But those places that want them must be given the chance to make tourist taxes work.
6
What do we learn from Nicola Sturgeon's speech?
A.
The UK is set to adjust its policy on taxation.
B.
Tourists will have to pay a tax to visit Scotland.
C.
The UK will take new measures to boost tourism.
D.
Edinburgh contributes most to Scotland's tourism.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的Nicola Sturgeon’s speech定位至第一段第一、二句。事实细节题。第一段第一句提到尼古拉·斯特金在上周二的演遍；第二句帳着指出，苏格兰议会将成为英国第一个有权向游客收费的议会。由此可知，游客到苏格兰旅游将需要缴纳旅游税，故答案为B。由文章第一段第一句可知，是苏格兰政府准备立法征收旅游税，且文章第四段第四句提到“希望苏格兰政府的大胆举措能够促使其他地方采取行动”，由此可判断并不是整个英国在调整税收政策，故排除A；文章仅指出苏格兰的旅游税立法，并未提到整个英国的新措施，也并未提到促进旅游业繁荣一事，故排除C；根据文章第一段第二句可知，爱丁堡将成为苏格兰实施旅游税政策的开路先锋，并未指出爱丁堡对苏格兰旅游业贡献最大，故排除D。
7
How come the UK has been slow in imposing the tourist tax?
A.
Its government wants to attract more tourists.
B.
The tax is unlikely to add much to its revenue.
C.
Its ruling party is opposed to taxes and regulation.
D.
It takes time for local governments to reach consensus.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的the UK has been slow in imposing the tourist tax定位至第四段第一句。事实细节题。第四段第一句指出，英国在旅游税征收方面落后于其他国的原因是地方政府软弱无能，同时执政党积极支持自由市场，反对税收和监管，故答案为C。文章中提到，英国在旅游税征收方面落后于其他国家的原因之一是地方政府软弱无能，并未提到政府想要吸引更多游客，故排除A；第四段第三句指出，这样的征税并不是万能的补救措施，因为与中央政府自2010年以来收回的资金相比，这样征收到的资金微不足道，但这是在评价征税措施，并不是英国旅游税征收进程缓慢的原因，故排除B；第四段第二句提到，一些英国城市为取得向游客收费的权力进行了游说，但并未成功， 这只是对现状的陈述，不能说明地方政府达成共识需要时间是英国旅游税征收方面落后于其他国家的原因，故排除D。
8
Both international and domestic visitors in the UK should pay tourist tax so as to____.
A.
elevate its tourism to international standards
B.
improve the welfare of its maintenance workers
C.
promote its cultural exchange with other nations
D.
ease its financial burden of providing local services
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的both international and domestic visitors定位至第四段第五句。事实细节题。第四段第五句指出，前往英国的游客或前往康沃尔等热点地区度假的国内游客没有理由免于征税——尤其是当垃圾回收、公园维护和艺术文化支出等当地至关重要的服务面临前所未有的压力时，所以征税的目的是缓解用于提供当地服务的财政负担，故答案为D。文章中提到“国际标准”是在第四段第一句，是为了阐释英国旅游税征收方面落后于其他国家的原因，并未提到要提升旅游业的水平，故排除A；第四段第五句提到公园维护等地方服务，但没有提到养护工人的福利，故排除B；第五段第一句提到了“文化转型”，但并未提到与其他国家的文化交流，故排除C。
9
What does the author say about Western tourists?
A.
They don't seem to care about the social cost of tourism.
B.
They don't seem to mind paying for additional services.
C.
They deem travel an important part of their life.
D.
They subject the effects of tourism to scrutiny.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的Western tourists定位至第五段第二句。事实细节题。第五段第二句指出，西方人经常表现得好像他们有权去任何他们选择的地方，而不用考虑后果，结合本段第三句指出的旅游也会产生社会成本可知，他而不考虑旅游的社会成本，故答案为A。文章第五段第一句提到，游客在个人消费之外应该为他们参观的地方做出经济贡献这一观念应该是使文化转型更具多样性，但并未阐明西方游客是否愿意为额外的服务买单，故排除B；文章并未提及游客们对旅行和生活的关系的看法，故排除C；文章第五段第三句指出，正如航空和其他运输方式对环境造成的危害必须受到更严格的审査一样，我们也必须面对旅游所造成的社会成本，由此可知，应该是政府而非西方游客去仔细审査旅游业的影响，故排除D。
10
What are UK people's opinions about the levy of tourist tax?
A.
Supportive.
B.
Skeptical.
C.
Divided.
D.
Unclear.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的UK people's opinions及题文同序原则定位至最后一段。推理判断题。文章最后一段总结分析了英国人对征收旅游税的看法。该段首先指出这个问题没有“万全之策”，即对待这个问题不能采取“一刀切”的做法。接着提到了反对征收旅游税的企业以及支持征收旅游税的地方。由此可知，英国人对征收旅游税的看法是有分歧的，故答案为C。文章中提到有些地方是支持征收旅游税的，比如开头提到的苏格兰政府，而有些企业反对征收旅游税，所以A和B是片面的，故排除；英国人对旅游税有不同的看法，并不是对旅游税态度不明，故排除D。
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