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We often think of drawing as something that takes inborn talent, but this kind of thinking stems from our misclassification of drawing as, primarily, an art form rather than a tool for learning.
Researchers, teachers, and artists are starting to see how drawing can positively impact a wide variety of skills and disciplines.
Most of us have spent some time drawing before, but at some point, most of us stop drawing. There are people who don't, obviously, and thank god for that: a world without designers and artists would be a very shabby one indeed.
Some argue that so many adults have abandoned drawing because we've miscategorized it and given it a very narrow definition. In his book, Stick Figures: Drawing as a Human Practice, Professor D. B. Dowd argues that we have misfiled the significance of drawing because we see it as a professional skill instead of a personal capacity. We mistakenly think of "good" drawings as those which work as recreations of the real world, as realistic illusions. Rather, drawin should be recategorized as a symbolic tool.
Human beings have been drawing for 73,000 years. It's part of what it means to be human. We don't have the strength of chimpanzees(大猩猩) because we've given up animal strength to manipulate subtle instruments, like hammers, spears, and -- later -- pens and pencils. The human hand is an extremely dense network of nerve endings. In many ways, human beings are built to draw.
Some researchers argue that doodling (涂画) activates the brain's so-called default circuit -- essentially, the areas of the brain responsible for maintaining a baseline level of activity in the absence of other stimuli. Because of this, some believe that doodling during a boring lecture can help students pay attention. In one study, participants were asked to listen to a list of names while either doodling or sitting still. Those who doodled remembered 29 percent more of the names than those who did not.
There's also evidence that drawing talent is based on how accurately someone perceives the world. The human visual system tends to misjudge size,. shape, color, and angles but artists perceive these qualities more accurately than non-artists. Cult ating drawing talent can become an essential tool to improve people's observational skills in fields where the visual is important.
Rather than think of drawing as a talent that some creative people are gifted in, we should consider it as a tool for seeing and understanding the world better -- one that just so happens to double as an art form. Both absent-minded doodling and copying from life have been shown to positively affect your memory and visual perception, so complain loudly the next time your school board slashes the art department's budget.
1
What do people generally think about drawing?
A.
It is a gift creative people are endowed with.
B.
It is a skill that is acquired with practice.
C.
It is an art form that is appreciated by all.
D.
It is an ability everyone should cultivate.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的generally think about及题文同序原则定位到首段。事实细节题。文章首段第一句指出，我们常常认为绘画是一件需要天赋的事情，而最后一段第一句重复了这个看法，建议大家不要把绘画看作是一些有创造力的人所具有的天赋，可知这是人们对绘画通常的看法，故答案为A。根据文章可知，将绘画视为通过练习获得的技能和人人都应培养的能力，是研究者提出的新观点，与人们的传统看法不同，故排除B项和D项；C项有一定迷惑性，第一段首句虽然提到绘画被视为一种艺术形式，但并没有提到大家都欣赏绘画的问题，故排除。
2
What do we learn about designers and artists?
A.
They are declining gradually in number.
B.
They are keen on changin shabby surroundings.
C.
They add beauty and charm to the world.
D.
They spend most of their lives drawing.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的designers and artists定位到第三段第二句。推理判断题。定位句提到，幸亏有些人没有停止画画，因为一个没有设计师和艺术家的世界将是一个非常糟糕的世界，换言之，因为有了设计师和艺术家，这个世界变得美好了，可知C是对原文内容的合理推断，故为答案。A项曲解了第三段第一句，原文的意思是很多成年人放弃了绘画，但有些人没有放弃，并成为了设计师和艺术家，无法推断出他们的人数正在逐渐减少，故排除；B项为强干扰项，使用了原文原词shabby，但两处shabby概念不同：原文中shabby world指的是因为没有设计师和艺术家而导致的缺乏美感和魅力的世界，是抽象的概念，而B项中shabby surroundings指的是破旧的周围环境，是具体的概念，而且文中并未提及这些人是否热衷于改变周围环境，故排除；虽然原文提到成为设计师和艺术家的人没有放弃练习绘画，但不能搪此推断他们一生大部分时间都在画画，故排除D。
3
What does Professor D. B. Dowd argue in his book?
A.
Everybody is born with the capacity to draw.
B.
Drawing is a skill that requires special training.
C.
The value of drawing tends to be overestimated.
D.
Drawing should be redefined as a realistic illusion.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的Professor D. B. Dowd和in his book定位到第四段第二句。细节理解题。文章第四段第二句指出，D.B.多德教授在他的书中指出，我们应该把绘画视为个人能力，而不是专业技能，而第五段最后一句指出，从许多方面而言，人类生来就是画画的。综合两处信息可知，绘画是每个人生来就具备的能力，故答案为A。根据第四段第二句，将绘画视为专业技能的看法是D.B.多德教授所反对的，故排除B；原文只提到绘画分类错误，且被下了狭隘的定义，而不是价值被高估，故排除C；根据第四段倒数第二句，D.B.多德教授认为，将绘画视为现实的幻觉是我们错误的看法，可见D项与他的观点相悖，故排除。
4
What have some researchers found from one study about doodling?
A.
It is a must for maintaining a base level of brain activity.
B.
It can turns something boring into something interesting.
C.
It is the most reliable stimulant to activate the brain.
D.
It helps improve concentration and memory.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的study和doodling定位到第六段第二至四句。细节理解题。第六段第二句提到，一些人认为在枯燥的讲座中涂鸦可以帮助学生集中注意力，而随后两句提到，在一项研究中，参与者被要求在涂鸦或静坐时听一张名单，涂鸦的人比没有涂鸦的人多记住29%的名字。综合可知，涂鸦有助于提高注意力和记忆力，故答案为D。第六段第一句指出，涂鸦能激活负责维持活动基本水平的大脑区域，但这是在没有其他剌激的情况下，也就是说，有其他刺激的情况下，并不需要涂鸦来激活这个大脑区域，因此涂鸦并非必要条件，故排除A；B是针对本段第二句提到的a boring lecture所设置的干扰，但原文只是说在枯燥的讲座中涂鸦可以帮助学生集中注意力，并没有说可以把无聊的事情变得有趣，故排除B；本段第一句虽然提到涂鸦能激活大脑的某些区域，但并未提到它是最可靠的，故排除C。
5
What is characteristic of people with drawing talent?
A.
Sensitivity to cognitive stimulation.
B.
Subtlety of representation.
C.
Accuracy in categorization.
D.
Precision in visual perception.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的drawing talent定位到第七段。细节理解题。第七段第一句指出，绘画天赋是基于一个人感知世界的准确程度，随后解释说，人类视觉系统往往会做出错误判断，但艺术家对事物外观特征的感知更准确，可知这些具有绘画天赋的人视觉感知更精确，故答案为D。A是根据第六段首句设置的干扰，而原文虽提到涂鸦能刺激脑回路，但与是否具有绘画天赋没有关联，故排除；第五段提到人能操控精细工具，但这是人人具有的能力，不是具有绘画天赋的人的特点，故排除B；文中提到的分类不准确是指人们对绘画的定义和划分，并未说明具有绘画天赋的人能否准确分类，故排除C。
The car has reshaped our cities. It seems to offer autonomy for everyone. There is something almost delightful in the detachment from reality of advertisements showing mass-produced cars marketed·as symbols of individuality and of freedom when most of their lives will be spent making short journeys on choked roads.
For all the fuss made about top speeds, cornering ability and acceleration, the most useful gadgets on a modern car are those which work when you're going very slowly: parking sensors, sound systems, and navigation apps which will show a way around up oming traffic jams. This seems to be one of the few areas where the benefit of sharing personal information comes straight back to the sharer: because these apps know where almost all the users are, and how fast they are moving almost all the time, they can spot traffic congestion(堵塞) very quickly and suggest ways round it.
The problem comes when everyone is using a navigation app which tells them to avoid everyone else using the same gadget. Traffic jams often appear where no one has enough information to avoid them. When a lucky few have access to the knowledge, they will benefit greatly. But when everyone has perfect information, traffic jams simply spread onto the side roads that seem to offer a way round them.
This new congestion teaches us two things. The first is that the promises of technology will never be realised as fully as we hope; they will be limited by their unforeseen and unintended consequences. Sitting in a more comfortable car in a different traffic jam is pleasant but hardly the liberation that once seemed to be promised. The second is that self-organisation will not get us where we want to go. The efforts of millions of drivers to get ahead do not miraculously produce a situation in which everyone does better than before, but one in which almost everyone does rather worse. Central control and collective organisation can produce smoother and fairer outcomes, though even that much is never guaranteed.
Similar limits can be foreseen for the much greater advances promised by self-driving cars. Last week, one operated by the taxi company Uber struck and killed a woman pushing her bicycle across a wide road in Arizona. This was the first recorded death involving a car which was supposed to be fully autonomous. Experts have said that it suggests a "catastrophic failure" of technology.
Increasingly, even Silicon Valley has to acknowledge the costs of the intoxicating(令人陶醉的) hurry that characterises its culture. What traffic teaches us is that reckless and uncontrolled change is as likely to harm us as it is to benefit us, and that thoughtful regulation is necessary for a better future.
6
What does the author say about car advertisements?
A.
They portray drivers who enjoy speed on the road.
B.
They present a false picture of the autonomy cars provide.
C.
They pursue individuality and originality in design concept.
D.
They overestimate the potential market of autonomous cars.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的car advertisements定位至第一段第三句。事实细节题。作者在第一段第三句指出，超脱现实的广告展示了被宣传为象征个性和自由的大批量生产的汽车，这几乎是一件令人愉快的事，但人们大多数驾驶时间都将耗在拥堵的短途旅程上。这句话揭示了汽车广告的不切实际，即它们错误地呈现了汽车带给人们的自主性，故答案为B。第一段第三句只提到人们经常会在拥堵的道路上行进，并未提到司机喜欢在路上飞速行驶，故排除A；C项中的 individuality and originality是根据定位句中 of individuality and of freedom 设置的干扰，原文指的是汽车被宣传为象征着个性和自由，并未提到汽车广告在设计理念上追求个性和原创性，故排除C；D项中的market是根据定位句中的marketed设置的干扰，原文指的是汽车被宣传为象征着个性和自由，并未提到自动驾驶汽车的市场问题，故排除D。
7
What does the author imply about the various gadgets on cars?
A.
They can help to alleviate traffic jams.
B.
Most of them are as effective as advertised.
C.
Only some can be put to use under current traffic conditions.
D.
They are constantly upgraded to make driving easier and safer.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的various gadgets on cars定位至第二段第一句。推理判断题。文章第二段第一句指出，尽管人们高度关注汽车的最高速度、转弯能力和加速能力，现代汽车上最有用的却是那些在车速很慢的情况下可以发挥作用的设备，如停车传感器、音响系统和导航应用程序，说明在目前的交通状况下，只有部分设备可以得到应用，故答案为C。根据文章第二段可知，导航设备可以帮助司机规划新的路线以避开交通拥堵，而不是缓解拥堵问题，并且根据下文可知，当所有人一起使用导航应用程序时会造成新的拥堵，故排除A；根据第二、三段可知，汽车最高速度、转弯能力和加速能力在交通拥堵的情况下都无法发挥作用，导航设备的使用也可能导致新的拥堵，所以这些设备并不像宣传的那样有效，故排除B；文中并未提到这些设备会进行升级来改善驾驶情况，故排除D。
8
What does the author say about the use of navigation apps?
A.
It is likely to create traffic jams in other places.
B.
It helps a great deal in easing traffic congestion.
C.
It sharply reduces the incidence of traffic accidents.
D.
It benefits those who are learning to drive.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的navigation apps定位至第三段。事实细节题。作者在第三段中指出，当每个人都在使用导航应用程序时，交通拥堵的情况就会蔓延到那些本可以让司机绕道而行的小路 上，也就是使原本并不拥堵的地方也变得拥堵，故答案为A。由第三段可知，导航应用程序并不能缓解交通拥堵，反而会造成新的拥堵，故排除B；文中并未提到导航应用程序与交通事故发生率之间的关系，故排除C；文中没有提到正在学习开车的人，所以排除D。
9
What does the author say about technology?
A.
Its consequences are usually difficult to assess.
B.
It seldom delivers all the benefits as promised.
C.
It depends on the required knowledge for application.
D.
Its benefits are guaranteed by collective wisdom.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的technology定位至第四段第二句。事实细节题。作者在第四段第二句指出， 技术承诺的好处永远不会像所希望的那样完全实现；它们将被不可预见和意想不到的后果所限制，说明技术很难兑现它所承诺的一切好处，故答案为B。根据文章第四段第五、六句，作者认为技术产生的结果很难保证，并不是难以评估，故排除A；文中第三段提到，少数幸运儿若能获取这些信息，将受益良多，并未提到应用程序所需要的知识，故排除C；文章第四段第六句提到，通过中央控制和集体组织可以产生更平稳、更公平的结果，但即便是这种结果，也从来无法得到保证，故排除D。
10
What key message does the author try to convey in the passage?
A.
The consequences of technological innovation need not be exaggerated.
B.
There is always a price to pay to develop technology for a better world.
C.
Technological innovation should be properly regulated.
D.
The culture of Silicon Valley ought not to be emulated.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的key message定位至全文，通过通览全文来解题。主旨大意题。由原文可知，技术进步后，汽车带来的并不是它所承诺的自由与自主，而是一些新的问题。最后一段指出，不计后果和不受控制的改变对我们可能既有利又有弊，更美好的未来需要深思熟虑后的监管，故答案为C。根据第五段中技术的“灾难性失败”及第六段中“硅谷也不得不承认其令人陶醉的急躁的文化特点所带来的代价”可知，作者认为技术创新确实造成了不可低估的后果，所以不必夸大技术创新的后果并不是作者要传达的观点，故排除A；作者提到硅谷承认发展技术的代价是为了说明技术创新需要监管，而不是强调为建设一个更美好的世界而发展技术总是要付出代价，更不是说硅谷的文化不应该被效仿，故排除B和D。
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