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Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict.
Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.
An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.
In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye--the only black student on his freshman year floor said that“if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove." Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.
According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.
An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.
Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. “This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.
"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley.“This is the definition of integration.”
“I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts“provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合),”" there were also "jarring cultural confrontations."
The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.
Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.
1
1. What can we learn from some recent studies?
A.
Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.
B.
Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.
C.
Interracial lodging does more harm than good.
D.
Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
文章开头第1句即提到不同种族的人同住有两个截然不同的结果:促进相互包容(increased tolerance)和更容易引起冲突(a greater likelihood of conflict)。说明了这种做法有利有弊,因此D符合题意。
2
2. What does Sam Boakye's remark mean?
A.
White students tend to look down upon their black peers.
B.
Black students can compete with their white peers academically.
C.
Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.
D.
Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
第4段中Sam Boakye 的例子是为了具体说明上段的结论:迫于社交压力,与白人同住的黑人学生成绩往往更好。Sam Boakye 说“如果你的周围都是白人,那么你一定会去证明些什么”,言下之意就是Sam Boakye作为黑人学生,白人同伴的存在这一社交压力会激励他更加努力地去取得成功,故D正确。
3
3. What does the Indiana University study show?
A.
Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.
B.
Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.
C.
Roommates of different races just don't get along.
D.
Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
根据题干的Indiana University 定位至第7段。该大学的研究结果显示interracial roommates 比white roommates更有可能在学期末分居,A中的more likely对应文中的three times(可能性是三倍),fallout与no longer live together 对应,因此选A。注意此处fall out意为“散伙,分开,争吵”。
4
4. What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?
A.
Students of different races are required to share a room.
B.
Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.
C.
Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.
D.
The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
准确定位后可知本题的解题关键是找出代词This指代的内容。代词通常指代前文提到的内容,即the process throws you together randomly(随机分配宿舍的过程),D中的randomly assign 与throw you together randomly 对应,故D正确。
5
5. What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?
A.
It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.
B.
Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.
C.
Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.
D.
Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
最后一段Grace Kao 指出,要得出interracial lodging 的一般规律( generalizations),需要对学生的背景特 征做更多的研究,A“在没有深人研究前就对它作出一般性结论是不科学的"准确地概括归纳了该段大意,故A正确。
In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill--the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness.
As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教),their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.
6
1. Eagerly watching the child's acquisition of new skills ____.
A.
can be avoided
B.
is universal among parents
C.
sets up dangerous states of worry in the child
D.
will make him lose interest in learning new things
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
第1段第1句中的every parent, often等词表明这种做法在父母中是非常普遍的,显然B与之相符。A说法无原文依据,且由原文可看出题干所述现象是很难避免的;C中dangerous一词在原文中本是修饰其他情绪,故C不符;D是过多地让孩子自己一个独处的后果,不是题干所述行为的后果。
7
2. In the process of children's learning new skills parents ____.
A.
should encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they read
B.
should not expect too much of them
C.
should achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their own
D.
should create as many learning opportunities as possible
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
第1段第2句说明父母逼得太过分,应避免。最后一句则说明对小孩太放任自流同样不利。由这两点,我们可以做出如下判断:父母对孩子的“严”和“松”之间有一个恰当的“度”。C与之相符。
8
3. The second paragraph mainly tells us that ____.
A.
parents should be strict with their children
B.
parental controls reflect only the needs of the parents and the values of the community
C.
parental restrictions vary, and are not always enforced for the benefit of the children alone
D.
parents vary in their strictness towards their children according to the situation
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
文章第2段表明:不同的家长对孩子的管制程度不同;家长对小孩的管制不仅是为了孩子个人的幸福,也反映了父母的需要以及社区的价值观,故C与原文相符。
9
4. The word“precept" (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means ____.
A.
idea
B.
punishment
C.
behavior
D.
instruction
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
由precept所在句可猜测precept应与example相对,且与下文的preach意思相近,故D正确。
10
5. In moral matters, parents should ____.
A.
observe the rules themselves
B.
be aware of the marked difference between adults and children
C.
forbid things which have no foundation in morality
D.
consistently ensure the security of their children
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
第3段提到父母应该避免讲一套做一套,结合最后一段可得出结论:关于思想道德教育问题,父母应以身作则,带头遵循,故A正确。
Boys' schools are the perfect place to teach young men to express their emotions and involve them in activities such as art, dance and music.
Far from the traditional image of a culture of aggressive masculinity (阳刚),the absence of girls gives boys the chance to develop without pressure to conform to a stereotype, a US study says.
Boys at single-sex schools were said to be more likely to get involved in cultural and artistic activities that helped develop their emotional expressiveness, rather than feeling they had to conform to the "boy code" of hiding their emotions to be a "real man".
The findings of the study go against received wisdom that boys do better when taught alongside girls.
Tony Little, headmaster of Eton, warned that boys were being failed by the British education system because it had become too focused on girls. He criticised teachers for failing to recognise that boys are actually more emotional than girls.
The research argued that boys often perform badly in mixed schools because they become discouraged when their female peers do better earlier in speaking and reading skills.
But in single-sex schools teachers can tailor lessons to boys' learning style, letting them move around the classroom and getting them to compete in teams to prevent boredom, wrote the study's author, Abigail James, of the University of Virginia.
Teachers could encourage boys to enjoy reading and writing with "boy-focused" approaches such as themes and characters that appeal to them. Because boys generally have more acute vision, lear best through touch, and are physically more active, they need to be given "hands- on" lessons where they are allowed to walk around. "Boys in mixed schools view classical music as feminine (女性的) and prefer the modern genre (类型) in which violence and sexism are major themes," James wrote.
Single-sex education also made it less likely that boys would feel they had to conform to a stereotype that men should be“masterful and in charge" in relationships. “In mixed schools, boys feel compelled to act like men before they understand themselves well enough to know what that means," the study reported.
11
1. The author believes that a single-sex school would____.
A.
naturally reinforce in boys the traditional image of a man
B.
encourage boys to express their emotions more freely
C.
force boys to hide their emotions to be "real men"
D.
help to cultivate masculine aggressiveness in boys
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
文章开头就提到男校是教导青少年男生表达他们各种情绪的最佳场所第3段又提到单一性别学校的学生更有可能参与一些文化艺术类活动,这有助于他们情感的表达(emotional expressiveness)。 B符合文意,故正确。B中的express their emotions是对文中的emotional expressiveness 的同义替换。
12
2. It is commonly believed that in a mixed school boys ____.
A.
behave more responsibly
B.
perform relatively better
C.
grow up more healthily
D.
receive a better education
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
第4段提到当前广为接受的看法是男女同校时男生的表现更佳。B的perform relatively better 是对文中的do better的同义表达,故选B。文章通篇并未提及男生是否有责任感(responsibly)这一话题,故A错;大家普遍认为男女同校时男生表现更佳,但“表现更佳”不等同于“更健康地成长”或是“接受更好的教育",C、D属于过度推断,故均不正确。
13
3. What does Tony Little say about the British education system?
A.
It fails more boys than girls academically.
B.
It focuses more on mixed school education.
C.
It places more pressure on boys than on girls.
D.
It fails to give boys the attention they need.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
第5段提到Tony Litte批评当前的教育过于强调(too focused on)女生的发展,教师们未能注意到男生实际上比女生更情绪化,言外之意就是对男生没有给子所需要的关注(attention)。D符合文意,故为正确答案。
14
4. According to Abigail James, one of the advantages of single-sex schools is ____.
A.
teaching can be tailored to suit the characteristics of boys
B.
boys can choose to learn whatever they are interested in
C.
boys can focus on their lessons without being distracted
D.
teaching can be designed to promote boys' team spirit
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
第7段指出,在单一性别学校,教师可以根据男孩的学习风格为他们量身打造课程(tailor)A"教学要适合男孩的特点"表达的正是此意,故为答案。
15
5. Which of the following is characteristic of boys according to Abigail James' report?
A.
They enjoy being in charge.
B.
They conform to stereotypes.
C.
They have sharper vision.
D.
They are violent and sexist.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
文章倒数第2段的第2句提到了男孩通常具有更敏锐的视觉,C中的sharper vision对应文中的more acute vision,故C正确。
There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal combustion engine (内燃机) has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons (活塞) being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computer's impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For computer literacy is not a form of literacy; it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art.
Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities. A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that all ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repair and violin making.
Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more“user-friendly". Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase "learning to use a computer" mean? It sounds like "learning to drive a car", that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer.
In fact, "learning to use a computer” is much more like "learning to play a game", but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.
16
1. To be the competent citizens of tomorrow, people should ____.
A.
try to lay a solid foundation in computer science
B.
be aware of how the things that they use do what they do
C.
learn to use a computer by acquiring a certain set of skills
D.
understand that programming a computer is more essential than repairing a car
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
第2段提到未来有能力的人应该从恐惧中解脱出来,第3段则提到学习计算机则就像是“学开车”一样,只要掌握某套技能即可,故可知有能力的人只需要通过掌握技能学习计算机即可,而不必学习编程,故C正确。
17
2. In the second paragraph “auto repair" and“violin-making" are mentioned to show that ____.
A.
programming a computer is as interesting as making a violin
B.
our society needs experts in different fields
C.
violin-making requires as much skill as computer programming
D.
people who can use a computer don't necessarily have to know computer programming
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
在第2段中,作者强调一般人只需学会使用计算机,而不必学会编程,最后指出这与“汽车修理”和“小提琴制作"一样,可见作者提到“汽车修理"(类似一般人使用计算机)和“小提琴创作"(数似于电脑专业人员编程)还是为了说明上文的观点,故D正确。
18
3. Learning to use a computer is getting easier all the time because ____.
A.
programs are becoming less complicated
B.
programs are designed to be convenient to users
C.
programming is becoming easier and easier
D.
programs are becoming readily available to computer users
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
第3段首句提到学习使用计算机越来越容易的原因是计算机编程变得更user friendly,B中的convenient to users与此相符,故正确。
19
4. According to the author, the phrase "learning to use a computer" Line 3, Para 3) means learning ____.
A.
a set of rules
B.
the fundamentals of computer science
C.
specific programs
D.
general principles of programming
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
第4段指出教人学习使用计算机就是教人use this or that program,故C与此相符。
20
5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is ____.
A.
to stress the impact of the computer on society
B.
to explain the concept of computer literacy
C.
to illustrate the requirements for being competent citizens of tomorrow
D.
to emphasize that computer programming is an interesting and challenging job
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
本文围绕学生应如何学习计算机,阐述计算机读写能力(computer literacy)的 概念:它只是一种技能,故B正确。A、C.D 均只是利用文中的片言只语拼凑而成的干扰项,不足以概括文章大意。
On average, American kids aged 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet (芭蕾舞). Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time. All in all, however, children's leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%.
“Children are affected by the same time crunch (危 机) that affects their parents," says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children's timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home. (Nevertheless, children in both double-income and “male breadwinner" households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents, 19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.)
All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. "Play is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself," says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids aged 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it.
The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “free time" watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If they're spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren't replacing it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Let's face it, who's got the time?
21
1. By mentioning "the same time crunch" (Line 1, Para. 2) Sandra Hofferth means ____.
A.
children have little time to play with their parents
B.
children are not taken good care of by their working parents
C.
both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time
D.
both parents and children have trouble managing their time
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
该短语所在句子的上文(第1段最后一句)表明“孩子的课余时间比以前少了”,而本句则指出父母和孩子都受time crunch的影响,可见the same time crunch是指空闲时间不够用,故C正确。
22
2. According to the author, the reason given by Sandra Hofferth for the time crunch is ____.
A.
quite convincing
B.
partially true
C.
totally groundless
D.
rather confusing
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
第2段第2句中括号里的内容表明了作者的观点。转折词Nevertheless说明作者的观点跟上文Sandra Hofferth的看法不完全一致,而作者在下文举例中提到,单身母亲因为要上班,与孩子在一起的时间只有9个小时,确实少了很多,这与Hofferth所述-致,因此选B。
23
3. According to the author a child develops better if ____.
A.
he has plenty of time reading and studying
B.
he is left to play with his peers in his own way
C.
he has more time participating in school activities
D.
he is free to interact with his working parents
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
第3段最后一句表明孩子自由玩乐能促使他们独立思考,并使他们学会处理与同龄人的关系,其中unstructured play 相当于B中的play in his own way, 故B正确。
24
4. The author is concerned about the fact that American kids ____.
A.
are engaged in more and more structured activities
B.
are increasingly neglected by their working mothers
C.
are spending more and more time watching TV
D.
are involved less and less in household work
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
文章一开头作者就说孩子们比1981年时上学的时间每周多8小时,他们还做更多的家务,参加更多的有组织性的活动等等,而这些均是造成孩子们空闲时间越来越少的原因,而孩子们空闲时间少也正是作者忧虑的问题,故可推知本题选A。B是作者在第2段括号里反驳过的观点;C错在more and more time, 而且作者对孩子看电视也不完全反对;孩子们事实上要做更多家务,故D错。
25
5. We can infer from the passage that ____.
A.
extra curricular activities promote children's intelligence
B.
most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off
C.
efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful
D.
most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
文章最后一段倒数第2句说“尽管父母费尽心思培养孩子的读书兴趣,可孩子们一-周也只不过花一一个多小时读书”。由此可见,父母认为读书对孩子有好处,即D。A中的extracurricular activities 包含structured and unstructured activities ,文中只说unstructured activities 有助于培养孩子独立思考以及与同龄人交往的能力,没有说structured activities 对intelligence有什么帮助;B与文章的倒数第3句不符;C与倒数第2句不符。
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