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Although marriage customs vary greatly from one culture to another，the importance of the institution is universally acknowledged. Infant marriage, prevalent in places such as India and Melanesia, is a result of concern for family, caste, and property alliances. Levirate, the custom by which a man might marry the wife of his deceased brother, was practiced chiefly by the ancient Hebrews, and designed to continue a family connection that was already established. Sororate, a custom which is still practiced in remote parts of the world，permits a man to marry one or more of his wife's sisters, usually if she has died or cannot have children. Monogamy（一夫一妻制）, the union of one man and one woman, is the prototype（原型，典型）of human marriage and it's the most widely accepted form，predominating also in societies in which other forms of marriage are accepted. All other forms of marriage are generally classed under polygamy（一夫多妻制）.
In most societies, marriage is established through a contractual procedure, generally with some sort of religious sanction（约束）.Most marriages are preceded by a betrothal period, during which various rituals, such as exchanges of gifts and visits，lead to the final wedding ceremony and make the claims of the partners public. In societies where arranged marriages still predominate, families must negotiate dowries（嫁妆）, future living arrangements and other important matters before marriage can be arranged.
Because marriage arouses apprehension as well as joy，Hindus，Buddhists，and many other communities consult astrologers（占星家）before and after marriages are arranged to avoid unlucky times and places. In some countries，including Ethiopia，it was long customary to place an armed guard by the bridal couple during the wedding ceremony to protect them from demons（魔鬼）.An exchange of rings or the joining of hands frequently represents the new bonds between the married couple, as in the United States and many other countries. Finally, the interest of the community is expressed in many ways，through feasting and dancing，the presence of witnesses，and the official sealing of marriage documents.
1
According to the passage, _____is widespread in the whole world.
A.
infant marriage
B.
levirate
C.
sororate
D.
monogamy
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。答案参见第一段后半部分。一夫一妻制是比较普遍的。选项A、B、C谈到的三种类型只在某些地区而不是在全世界盛行。
2
It is still a universal practice _____.
A.
for a man to marry his sister-in-law
B.
for newly married couples to wear disguises
C.
for a man to marry one or more of his wife-s sisters
D.
for a couple to go through a certain contractual procedure to get married
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。参见第二段第一句。选项A不对，从第一段可知，这只是古希伯来人的婚俗；选项B不对，从第三段可知，这只是在某些国家流行，如埃塞俄比亚。选项C不对，参见第一段，这只是存在于边远地区的婚俗。
3
If a man has four wives, the marriage belongs to_____.
A.
polygamy
B.
levirate
C.
sororate
D.
monogamy
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。答案参见第一段最后一句，意思是除了前面提到的是一妻制，后面所讲的其他形式，一般属于一夫多妻制。
4
Which of the following is NOT true?
A.
The bridal couple may ask a guard to stand before their house for one year to protect them.
B.
The couple may exchange some thing before the marriage.
C.
The two families may negotiate dowries before marriage.
D.
The parents of the couple may visit each other.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。根据第二段所述，夫妇婚前要交换信物、谈论嫁妆、双方家长互访，因此选项B、C、D都正确。选项A不对是因为根据第三段，新婚当天可能会有警卫守护，但不是一年，所以答案选A项。
5
Some couples consult astrologers before arranging their marriage because _____.
A.
they want to avoid unlucky things
B.
it's a very popular custom to observe
C.
it's part of the ceremony to follow
D.
they are told to do so
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。参见第三段第一句话，这句话的意思是“结婚既让人高兴也让人忧愁”，所以有人婚前、婚后求助于占星术,为的是躲过不吉利的时间和地点。
The character of the English is essentially middle-class. There is a sound historical reason for this，for, since the end of the eighteenth century，the middle classes have been the dominant forces in our community. They gained wealth by the Industrial Revolution, political power by the reform bill of 1832; they are connected with the rise and organization of the British Empire; they are responsible for the literature of the 19th century. Solidity（稳健）, caution, integrity（正直）, efficiency，lack of imagination, hypocrisy（伪善）, these qualities characterize the middle classes in every country, but in England they are national characteristics also, because only in England have the middle classes been in power for one hundred and fifty years. Napoleon, in his rude way，called us "a nation of shopkeeper". We prefer to call ourselves "a great commercial nation" 一 it sounds more dignified but the two phrases amount to the same. Of course there are other classes： there is an aristocracy（贵族）, there are the poor. But it is on the middle-classes that the eye of the critic rests — just as it rests on the poor in Russia and on the aristocracy in Japan. Russia is symbolized by the peasant or by the factory worker； Japan by the samurai（武士阶层）; the national figure of England is Mr. Bull with his top hat，his comfortable clothes, his substantial（结实的）stomach, and his substantial balance at the bank.
Just as the heart of England is the middle classes，so the heart of the middle classes is the public school system. This extraordinary institution is local. It does not even exist all over the British Isles. It is unknown in Ireland, almost unknown in Scotland, and though it may inspire other great institutions? it remains unique, because it was created by the Anglo-Saxon middle classes，and can flourish only where they flourish. How perfectly it expresses their character — far better, for instance，than does the university, into which social and spiritual complexities have already entered. With its boarding houses, its compulsory（强制的）games，its system of prefects（学校的级长）and fagging（做苦工），its insistence on good form and on group spirit, it produces a type whose weight is out of all proportion to its numbers.
6
In calling the British "a nation of shopkeeper", Napoleon _____.
A.
held them in contempt
B.
was making an objective observation
C.
was praising them to the sky
D.
did not understand them at all
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。在第一段中间部分提到，拿破仑将英国蔑称为“小店主的国家”,此评价虽然粗鲁，但却道出了英国社会的阶级特征——中产阶级即小资产阶级占主导地位。接下来的一句话讲英国人自称自己的国家是“伟大的商业国家”。所以拿破仑的说法显然带有一种蔑视的意味，作者用插入语in his rude way来提示我们，因此选A项。hold sth. in contempt意思是“蔑视，瞧不起”。
7
The two phrases — "a nation of shopkeeper" and "great commercial nation" are _____.
A.
dramatically opposite in meaning
B.
exaggerations
C.
fair criticisms of British society
D.
not dissimilar in nature
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
词汇题。参见第一题的解释。两种说法在实质上没什么区别，只是口吻、民族感情不同而包。
8
The writer thinks that the Japanese society is better represented by its ______.
A.
middle class
B.
aristocracy
C.
poor people
D.
working class
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。答案参见第一段末尾。长期以来，日本大和民族一直实行帝制，武士阶级作为贵族的一分子主导着其民族特性。因此选B项。
9
Which of the following statements about the British universities is TRUE?
A.
It is not as good as the middle class in explaining the English national character
B.
It is basically middle class in character.
C.
It fails to give a clear picture of the English national character.
D.
It is also central in representing the English national character.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。答案参见第二段后半部分。中产阶级思想是英国社会的核心，也是公立学校的核心。但由于大学还包含了更复杂的社会和精神层面的因素，其民族特性就不那么明显了
10
We can infer from the passage that_____.
A.
the British prefer to wear top hat better than any other people
B.
only Britain has middle-class people
C.
there are more middle-class people in British Ivory Tower than in society
D.
most of the British belong to the middle classes
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。从第一段第一句和最后一句、第二段第一句看出，尽管英国还有其他阶级，但中产阶级是主要力量（dominant force)，代表民族形象（national figure)，是英国的核心。从拿破仑的话和英国人对自身的评价也可得出此结论。
The American comedy actress Whoopi Goldberg is all voice，dreadlocks（满头细长发辫）and teeth. And how came the name Whoopi Goldberg? Well, she was born Caryn Johnson，but discovered that it was not a name people remembered. Following the American saying "making whoopee", which means having fun, she gave herself the name Whoopi Goldberg，and began to be noticed.
Whoopi Goldberg, is a very busy woman—she's listed in Variety as the fifth busiest star in film production. Her first major film was Steven Spielberg's adaptation of the Alice Walker's novel The Color Purple in 1985, for which she earned a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award nomination. Since then, she's had many big-screen assignments, starring in such films as Ghost, Jumpin, Jack Flash, Clara's Heart, The Long Walk Home, Sister Act, made in America and giving voice to animated characters in Disney film The Lion King. Her performance as a deceitful fortune-teller（算命人）in the 1990 film Ghost won her both a Golden Globe and an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. Her TV performances have included acting as host for a late-night talk show The Whoopi Goldberg Show，appearing in many television specials and having a role for seasons in the TV series Star Trek： The Next Generation. Whoopi Goldberg aims to be a "working actor" for many years, but all this fame and fortune was a long time coming.
As proof of her versatility（多才多艺），the comedienne（喜剧女演员）has appeared in films of extremely diverse character. Ghost had the returning spirits of dead people causing laughter and chaos in the lives of their surviving relatives, while in Jumpin' Jack Flash, directed by Penny Marshall，Goldberg played an odd computer operator who gets ridiculously caught up in a web of international scheme. Two of her big comedies have been Sister Act, in which she played a witness to a crime who has to hide as a nun in a convent（修道院），and Eddie，a basketball comedy.
Now she's "made it". Whoopi Goldberg's determined to stick around. "I have a lot to do in Hollywood," she says. "I'm an actor; I'm a chameleon（变色龙），and I can do anything ..."
11
The author thinks that one of Whoopi Goldberg's most noticeable features is _____.
A.
her voice
B.
her name
C.
the prizes she won
D.
her versatility
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。这个问题问的是美国喜剧女明星乌比·戈德堡最显著的特点之一是什么。答案参见文章第一段第—句。这句话介绍了她的三大显著点：大嗓门、细长的发辫、满嘴大牙。选项A正是其中之一，所以答案为A项。根据这句话选项B、C和D都可被排除。
12
Whoopi Goldberg won an Oscar because of her performance in _____.
A.
The Color Purple
B.
Sister Act
C.
The Lion King
D.
Ghost
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。答案参见第二段中部“Her performance as a deceitful fortune-teller in the 1990 film Ghost won her both... for Best Supporting Actress”。
13
Whoopi Goldberg won fame and fortune_____.
A.
when she used her original name Caryn Johnson
B.
soon after she adopted the name Whoopi
C.
at the time she performed in The Color Purple
D.
after she struggled for a long time
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。根据第二段最后一句“...but all this fame and fortune was a long time coming”，答案应选D项。
14
The expression "made it" (Line 1，Para. 4) most likely means _____.
A.
more to fight for
B.
been lucky
C.
been successful
D.
worked hard
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
词汇题。make—词有“成功，做成”的意思，在口语中常用make it表示“成功，发迹；办成，做到”， 所以应选C项。
15
We can infer from the passage that_____.
A.
it's tough for a black actress to be successful in America
B.
all voice, dreadlocks and teeth are the necessities for a comedy star
C.
a decent name alone can make you shinning in Hollywood
D.
Whoopi Goldberg has great expectation and determination
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。全文并未提及黑人的身份使她成功更艰难，所以选项A被排除；大嗓门、细长的发辫、满嘴大牙等个体特征并不是喜剧明星的必要素质，所以选项B被排除；单凭一个好名字又怎么能在强手如云的好莱坞赢得成功呢？所以选项C被排除。根据文章最后一段可推断出乌比·戈德堡有远大的志向和决心，所以答案是D项。
There was no Churchillism, no Heathism, nor Callaghanism. Margaret Thatcher is the only Prime Minister to have had her own "ism". But what is Thatcherism? Has it been a consistent ideology or merely household budgeting on a national scale? Does it amount to a philosophy or is it just one woman's political style?
Certainly, she has made her party more ideological. Lord Hailsham of St. Marylebone once said："Conservatives do not believe that political struggle is the most important thing in life the simplest among them prefer for hunting，the wisest, religion." With an almost Maoist fervor（热诚，炽热），however, Mrs. Thatcher has taken her party on a long march of reform through institutions of British society: the union, the civil service, education，the health service and the law.
Warrior rather than healer，she has set in train what she sees as a libertarian movement to extend personal choice and create an enterprise society in which the state leaves people free to spend more of their own money and managers are free to manage without being prey to the constant demands of trade union leaders. Thatcherism has been based on simple slogans such as "sound money". As Nigel Lawson, the former Chancellor of the Exchequer, said, the inflation rate is judge and jury for her governments. Thatcherism has looked to the creation of strong defense and a strong economy, not just for their intrinsic（固有的；内在的）merits, but to restore national self-confidence and Britain's reputation in the world. The simple slogans have lived throughout it all: The Enterprise Economy, Stand On Your Own Two Feet, Making Britain Great Again and，of course, those famous Victorian Values.
Thatcherism has been about free markets and a belief in individual responsibility. Mrs. Thatcher and her，ministers have sought to educate Britain; out of what they see as the dependency culture, to end the common belief that the solving of problems was always up to them—the council, the government the authorities. Mrs. Thatcher has encouraged the belief that there is a limit to government responsibilities. Her ability to win elections against a background of high unemployment argues that she succeeded to some extent in that.
16
Through this article, the writer intends to _____.
A.
demonstrate that Thatcherism is a style rather than a philosophy
B.
stress that Thatcherism has amounted to a philosophy
C.
comment on Thatcherism both philosophically and stylistically
D.
attack Thatcherism either as a philosophy or as a style
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
主旨题。通读全文可知，无论是作者本人的论述还是引述他人的评价都是围绕着撒切尔夫人的领导哲学和风格展开的，所以应选C项。
17
Which of the following can be the best description of Mrs. Thatcher's political style?
A.
Household budging.
B.
Warrior rather than healer.
C.
Judge and jury.
D.
Stand on your own two feet.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。根据第三段第一句“Warrior rather than healer, she has...leaders”，可知这是对撒切尔夫人政治风格最好的描述，所以应选B项。
18
Which of the following is NOT encouraged by Thatcherism?
A.
The entire social problems should wait for the government to deal with.
B.
The conservative should be more ideological.
C.
The individual British should be able to spend freely as much his own money as possible.
D.
National self-confidence and good reputation of Britain should be restored.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。根据第二段第一句可知，选项B是被鼓励的；根据第三段的内容“...the state leaves people free to spend more of their money” 和“...not just for... , but to restore national self-confidence and Britain's reputation in the world”可知，选项C和D也是被鼓励的；根据最后一段第句话可知，选项A是不被鼓励的，相反这种dependency culture是要被改变的。所以答案应选A项。
19
The word "it" in the sentence "The simple slogans have lived throughout it all..." (Line 8-9，Para.3) refers to_____.
A.
the simple slogans
B.
national self-confidence and Britain's reputation in the world
C.
libertarian movement
D.
Thatcherism
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。根据上、下文可知it在这里指的是上句话的主语Thatcherism。
20
From the figurative use of "a long march"（Line 4, Para.2), we may infer that the author means_____.
A.
the libertarian movement shall be tough and last for long
B.
Mrs. Thatcher is going to lead a long march in Britain
C.
Britain should learn from Mao
D.
in Britain, there are also snowy mountains and grassland to cross
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。撒切尔夫人在以保守著称的英国实行改革，所遇到的困难和阻力可想而知，所以把她的这场改革比喻成中国的长征，意思其过程既漫长又艰辛，所以应选A项。
One of the teacher's rewards is that he is using his mind on valuable subjects. All over the world people are spending their lives either on doing jobs where the mind must be kept numb all day，or else on highly rewarded activities which are boring. One can get accustomed to operating an adding-machine for five and a half days a week, or to writing advertisements to persuade the public that one brand of cigarettes is better than another. Yet no one would do either of these things for its own sake. Only the money makes them tolerable. But if you really understand an important and interesting subject, like the structure of the human body or the history of the World Wars, it is a genuine happiness to explain them to others, to welcome every new book on them，and to learn as you teach.
With this another reward of teaching is very closely linked. That is the happiness of making something. When the pupils come to you, their minds are only half-formed，full of black space and vague notions and oversimplification. You do not merely insert a lot of facts, if you teach them properly. It is not like injecting 500 CC of serum（血液）, or giving a year's dose（一剂药，剂量）of vitamins. You take the living mind，and mould it. It resists sometimes. It may lie passive and apparently refuse to accept anything you print on it. Sometimes it takes the mould too easily，and then seems to melt again and become featureless. But often it comes into helping to create a human being. To teach a boy the difference between truth and lie in print, to start him thinking about the meaning of poetry or patriotism, to hear him hammering back at you with the facts and arguments you have helped him to find, sharpened by himself and fitted to his own powers, gives the sort of satisfaction that an artist has when he makes a picture out of black canvas（画布）and chemical colorings, or a doctor when he hears a sick pulse pick up and carry the energies of new life under his hands.
21
What makes people tolerant of boring jobs is _____.
A.
the job itself
B.
the money
C.
the significance of the job
D.
the fact that it can keep the mind numb
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。根据第一段第五句“Only the money makes them tolerable.”及其上下文可知，使人们能容忍文中提到的枯燥工作的因素只有金钱，所以答案是B项。
22
According to the author，it is a genuine happiness _____.
A.
to earn a lot of money
B.
to do highly rewarded jobs where the mind must be kept numb
C.
to spend one's life on operating an adding-machine
D.
to use one's mind on valuable subjects
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。根据第一段第一句和最后一句，我们可知作者的观点很明确：教师真正的幸福就是用心培养学生、传授知识，同时又能教学相长。所以答案应是D项。根据第一段，其他选项是作者认为很枯燥的事，所以不对。
23
Teaching a pupil properly _____.
A.
means taking and molding the living mind
B.
is just to insert a lot of facts in the mind
C.
is just like injecting 500 CC of serum
D.
should be the same as giving a year's dose of vitamins
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。根据第二段第六句“You take the living mind, and mould it.”可知，答案是A项。教书意味着塑造人。根据第二段第四句 “You do not merely insert a lot of facts，if you teach them properly.”可知，如果你会教书育人，就不该只硬塞给学生一些事实，而是启发他们去思考、分析，然后自己决定是接受还是拒绝，所以选项B不对；根据第二段第五句可知选项C和D都不对，故都被排除。
24
Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?
A.
The teacher is an "engineer" who moulds the mind as he works.
B.
Pupils are always ready to accept what you teach them.
C.
A teacher helps to create a human being.
D.
Teaching isn't a kind of easy work.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。根据文章第二段第六句可推断出老师教书育人，所以是人类灵魂的工程师，所以选项A是正确的。根据文章第二、第三、第六句和第十句“But it comes into helping to create a human being.” 可推断出选项C是正确的。从整个第二段的论述以及拿老师与艺术家和医生作类比，可推断出选项D是正确的。只有选项B在文中意思是不对的，第二段第七句和第八句表明学生有时会和老师作对，甚至反抗，有时确实毫无成效，所以学生们并非总是接受老师的教育。
25
The author refers to an artist and a doctor _____.
A.
because an artist can make a picture and a doctor can hear sick pulse
B.
in order to make people know how a teacher feels when he succeeds in creating a human being
C.
because both the artist and the doctor were once students
D.
in order to show the fact that students can become good doctors and artists
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。作者在文章末段最后一句使用类比来说明当老师成功地塑造了一个人才时那种满足感和成就感（give the sort of satisfaction)，正如画家在黑色画布上用颜料画出图画以及医生听到患者由于自己的及时救助而康复时的心情一样，所以应选择B项。选项A只是提到了这两种职业的从业特点，而不是作者作类比的目的，所以不对；选项C和D很明显不对，是干扰项，可排除。
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