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How do we measure the economic return to higher education? Typically it is calculated as the difference between average wages of college graduates and those who have not graduated from college. In 1997, for example, college graduates earned an average of 40,508 (dollar) versus just 23,970 (dollar) for non-college graduates. Based on these income levels, the economic return to a college education is approximately 69 percent, the difference between the two income levels. But this simple calculation ignores the fact that college graduates tend to come from higher socioeconomic levels, are more highly motivated, and probably have higher IQs than nongraduates. Although these factors influence incomes, they are not the result of college attendance. Therefore the result of the study is an overstatement（大话）of the returns to higher education.
More sophisticated analyses adjust for these extraneous（外来的）influences. For instance economists Orley Ashenfelter and Alan Krueger, estimate that each year of post-high school education results in a wage premium（奖金）of between 15 and 16 percent. Their study is particularly relevant because they examined the earnings differences for identical twins with different education levels, allowing them to control for genetic and socioeconomic factors. Other research puts the wage premium for college graduates at nearly 50 percent.
Unfortunately, you can't spend a college wage-premium. Income levels for the average college graduate have stagnated. After adjusting for inflation, the average income of college graduates holding full-time jobs rose by only 4.4 percent between 1979 and 1997, or at a minuscule annual rate of 0.2 percent. At the same time, workers with only high-school degrees saw their real income plummet by 15 percent. Bottom line：the much-ballyhooed college wage "premium" is due primarily to the fall in inflation-adjusted salaries of workers who haven't been to college.
In fact, if you don't go on to graduate school or are not among the top graduates at one of the nation's elite colleges, chances are your sky-high tuition is buying you no economic advantage whatsoever. In recent decades the flood of graduates has been so great that an increasing proportion have found themselves，within a few years, working as sales clerks, cab drivers, and in other jobs that do not require a college degree. In 1995, approximately 40 percent of people with some college education — and 10 percent of those with a college degree — worked at jobs requiring only high-school skills. That's up from 30 percent and 6 percent, respectively, in 1971.
1
The traditional calculation of the economic return to higher education is inaccurate because_____.
A.
it doesn't take into account the changing economic situations
B.
it involves small samples
C.
it failed to incorporate some aspects which themselves might have added to the earnings of college graduates
D.
it does not specify whether non-college graduates have high-school degrees
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。根据文章第一段第五句“But this simple calculation ignores...than nongraduates. ”得知，传统的计算方法忽略了这样的事实：大学毕业生很可能来自社会经济较好的家庭，而且他们的智商很可能比非大学生高。故判断出C项为正确答案。
2
What does the author mean when he says "you can't spend a college wage-premium"（Line 1, Para. 3)?
A.
College graduates tend to stash money away（存钱）.
B.
The economic returns for college graduates have decreased since 1979.
C.
The economic returns to higher education have not increased very much since 1979.
D.
College graduates could hardly earn enough to pay high living cost.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。根据文章第三段判断出：从1979年开始，高等教育的经济回报事实上并未提高。故C项为正确答案。
3
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.
The economic return to higher education is lower by the more sophisticated analyses than by traditional methods.
B.
Results of analyses of college premium differ greatly.
C.
Between 1979 and 1997, workers with only high-school degrees saw their real income fall.
D.
Graduates from graduate schools have the same economic returns as those from colleges.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。根据文章第三段，在1979年到1997年间，不论是大学毕业生还是髙中毕业的工人们，其经济状况都有下降。C项与原文意思不符，故选C项。
4
According to the last paragraph,_____.
A.
more and more people go to elite colleges
B.
tuition has started to decline
C.
there are too many college graduates
D.
the quality of college education had declined
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。文章最后一段告诉我们：越来越多的大学毕业生也开始从事原先工人们所从事的工作了，由此判断：大学毕业生越来越多了。故选C项。
5
Which of the following is the topic of the passage?
A.
Overestimated College Premium
B.
The Payoffs of College Education
C.
The Myths of College Education
D.
The Decline of College Education
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
文章标题推断题。文章第一段作者就指出髙等教育经济回报的衡量是不确切的，是在夸大其词。以下几段作者详细分析了其现象及原因。由此判断A项正确。
It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant; that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems — and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships.
I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young.
Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles，in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyle irritate their parents，this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way，and that they are leaders in style and taste.
Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do. If they did approve，it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are the underdog; you can't win but at least you can keep your honor. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your parents, control. But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself.
If you plan to control your life, co-operation can be part of that plan, you can charm others, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress others with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do.
6
The author is primarily addressing_____.
A.
parents of teenagers
B.
newspaper readers
C.
teenagers
D.
those who give advice to teenagers
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。从文章第四段和第五段的人称you，your推断出作者是在对孩子们讲话。故选项C为正确答案。
7
The first paragraph is mainly about_____.
A.
the teenagers' criticism of their parents
B.
misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
C.
the dominance of the parents over their children
D.
the teenagers'
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
段落主题推断题。文章第一段主要讲到孩子对父母们的抱怨。选项B、C只是抱怨内容的一部分。选项D断章取义，这句话在文章中的完整理解应为：孩子们抱怨父母不信任他们处理紧急情况的能力。
8
Teenagers tend to have strange clothes and hairstyles because they _____.
A.
want to irritate their parents
B.
have a strong desire to be leaders in style and taste
C.
have no other way to enjoy themselves better
D.
want to show their existence by creating a culture of. their own
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。文章第三段主要告诉我们：孩子们穿奇装异服、留奇怪的发型等，主要是向成年人证明他们有自己的文化品位，他们是不可忽视的群体。故选项D为正确答案。
9
Teenagers do not want their parents to approve of whatever they do because they _____.
A.
have a desire to be independent
B.
feel that they are superior in a small way to the adults
C.
are not likely to win over the adults
D.
have already been accepted into the adult world
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。根据文章第四段可知，如果家长同意他们所为，他们会感到是对自己同龄人的背叛，感到自己是失败者。言外之意，他们想保持自己的东西，想独立。故选项A为正确答案。
10
To improve parent-child relationships, teenagers are advised to be_____.
A.
obedient
B.
responsible
C.
independent
D.
co-operative
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。文章第五段第一句co-operation即表明选项D正确。
If you feel overwhelmed by your college experiences, you are not alone many of today's college students are suffering from a form of shock.
Lisa is a good example of a student in shock. She is an attractive, intelligent twenty-year-old college junior at a state university. Now, only three years later. Lisa is miserable. She has changed her major four times and is forced to hold down two part-time jobs in order to pay her tuition. She suffers from sleeping and eating disorders and has no close friends. Sometimes she bursts out crying for no apparent reason.
What is happening to Lisa happens to millions of colloge students each year. As a result, roughly one-quarter of the student population in any time will suffer from symptoms of depression. Of that group, almost half will experience depression intense enough to call for professional help. But many reject that idea, because they don't warn people to think there something wrong with them.
There are three reasons today's college students are suffering more than in earlier generations. First is a weakening family support structure. Today, with high divorce rates and many parents experiencing their own psychological difficulties，the traditional family is not always available for guidance and support.
Another problem is financial pressure. In the last decade tuition costs have skyrocketed（猛涨）一 up about sixty-six percent at public colleges and ninety percent at private schools. At the Mame time there has been a cutback in federal aid to students. College loans are now much harder to obtain. Consequently, most students must work at least parttime.
A final cause of student shock is the large selection of majors available. Because of the magnitude（重要性）and difficulty of choosing a major, college can prove a time of great indecision（犹豫不决）. Many students switch majors. As a result, it is becoming common place to take five or six years to get a degree. It can be depressing to students to be faced with the added tuition costs.
While there is no magic cure-all for student shock, colleges have begun to research into the psychological problems of students, and upgrade（提高）their psychological counseling centers to handle the greater demand for services. In addition，stress-management workshops have become common on college campuses. Instructors teach students various techniques for handling stress.
11
Which of the following best expresses the central point of the selection?
A.
Going to college is a depressing experience for many students.
B.
Lisa has not enjoyed college because her life has been filled with stress.
C.
Stress-related problems are increasing on college campuses and schools have responded.
D.
Colleges should increase their counseling services.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
主旨题。本文首先讲到大学生活使得很多大学生感到不安，然后讲到校方对这一问题的反应和采取的措施，文章第一句就指出了文章的主題.
12
Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph 2?
A.
Lisa is experiencing a form of shock.
B.
Lisa can't decide on a major.
C.
Lisa feels she has lost all her good friends.
D.
Lisa cries frequently.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推断题。第二段讲述了Lisa在中学里是一个非常出色的学生，但是进入大学以后，她换了四个专业，并且不得不靠打两份工来支付学费。Lisa整天寝食难安，也没有知心期友，有时还会莫名的大哭。选项B、C、D说的都是细节，而不是第二段的主题。
13
The author implies that some students who suffer from extreme depression _____.
A.
should drop out of college
B.
have never done well in school
C.
can always handle it on their own
D.
are reluctant to get professional help
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。第三段中说“Of that group, almost half will...to call for professional help”，然而很多学生因为不愿让别人为他们有病而拒绝求助于医生.
14
According to Paragraph 7, which of the following methods is not being used by colleges to reduce stress?
A.
Upgraded psychological counseling.
B.
Psychological research.
C.
Lowered tuition.
D.
Instructions for students to deal with
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
细节题。在第七段中提到了选项A（增加心理咨询）。选项B（进行心理研究、选项D（指导学生如何减压），没有提到选项C。
15
The author supports his point that college life has become more difficult for students with _____.
A.
quotations from experts
B.
statistics and reasons
C.
information taken from a survey of college dropouts
D.
personal experiences
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。文中用了one quarter, half, sixty-six, ninety等数字来说明问题，并且分析了出现问题的三个原因，因此B项为正确答案。
France might be described as an "all-round" country, one that has achieved results of equal importance in many diverse branches of artistic and intellectual activities. The French ideal has always been the man who has a good all-round knowledge, an all-round understanding: it is the ideal of general culture as opposed to specialization.
This is the ideal reflected in the education France provides for her children. By studying this education we in England may learn a few things useful to ourselves even though，perhaps indeed because，the French system is very different from our own in its aims, its organization and its results. The French child, too，the raw material of this education, is unlike the English child and differences in the raw material may well account for differences in the processes employed.
The French child, boy or girl, gives one the impression of being intellectually more precocious（早熟的）than the product of the chillier English climate. English parents readily adapt their conversation to the child's point of view and interest themselves more in his games and childish preoccupations. The English are, as regards national character, younger than the French, or, to put it another way, there is in England no deep division between the life of the child and that of the grown man. The art of talking to children in the kind of language they understand is so much an English art that most of the French children's favorite books are translations from the English. French parents，on the other hand，do their best to develop the child's intelligence as rapidly as possible. They have little patience with childish ideas even if they do not go so far as to look upon childhood as an unfortunate but necessary prelude（开端）to adult life. Not that they need to force the child? for he usually leads himself willingly to the adult life. Not that they need to force the child, for he usually leads himself willingly to the process，and enjoys the effect of his unexpectedly clever remarks and of his keen judgment of men and things. It is not without significance that the French mother instead of appealing to the child's heart by asking him to be good appeals to his reason by asking him to be wise. Reasonableness is looked for early in France, and the age of reason is fixed at seven years.
16
The author considers that France_____.
A.
specialized in the ideal of general culture
B.
favors the ideal of general culture
C.
is a specialist country in spite of herself
D.
cannot help being a specialist country
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。第一段第二句讲到法国人总想把孩子培养成知识渊博、多才多艺、善解人意的人。相对于专业化来讲这是一种一般文化中人们的普遍理想，在结尾处说“it is the ideal of general culture as opposed to specialization”，所以正确答案应是B项。
17
In comparing French and English education the author indicates that_____.
A.
a great deal can be learnt by both countries
B.
differences should not be looked for only in the methods
C.
the French child needs far more training
D.
the main differences are in the children
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
主旨题。第二段讲到法国和英国的教育体制有很大区别，如教学目标、教学体制和教学效果等。因此选B项。
18
The passage suggests that the French child _____.
A.
is as he is because of the climate
B.
only associates with adults
C.
is forced to behave like an adult
D.
is not treated as a child
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推断题。根据第三段第五句 The French parents, on the other hand, do their best to develop the children's intelligence as rapidly as possible.他们想要尽量缩短童年的时间，可以推断出D项最符合题意。
19
In Paragraph 3，what is said about English books_____.
A.
appears to be somewhat contradictory
B.
is not in any sense a contradiction
C.
suggests that French parents like English children’s books
D.
suggests that French parents find these books educational
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推断题。第三段中讲到，英国人和孩子进行交流的艺术非常精湛，因此英国的儿童读物也受到了法国儿童的喜爱。因此B项为正确答案。
20
With what conclusion, regarding French mother, is the reader left?
A.
They are the most significant influence in their son's lives.
B.
They equate goodness with reason.
C.
They know how to appeal to what is best in their sons.
D.
They identify wisdom with reasonableness.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
细节题。文章倒数第二句is not without significance that the French mother...”讲到法国的母亲要求孩子通过获得渊博的知识来获得理性，而不是通过循规蹈矩来获得理性，他们这样做并非没有意义。因此正确答案是D项。
Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks: while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For every course that he follows a student is given a grade，which is recorded, and the recorded is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activities in student affairs. Elections to positfons in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of fluiintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous number of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.
21
Normally a student would at least attend _____ classes each week.
A.
36
B.
12
C.
20
D.
25
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。第一段第三句讲到“A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester.”， 因此正确答案为B项。
22
According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed_____.
A.
to live in a different university
B.
to take a particular course in a different university
C.
to live at home and drive to classes
D.
to get two degrees from two different universities
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。第一段最后一句讲到学生在大学阶段，可以在两所不同的大学修学分，但事实上，这种情况并不多见。文章没有提到选项A、C和D，因此B项是正确答案。
23
American university students are usually under pressure of work because_____.
A.
their academic performance will affect their future careers
B.
they are heavily involved in student affairs
C.
they have to observe university discipline
D.
they want to run for positions of authority
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
细节题。第二段的第一句讲到，每一门课程都会有成绩,这些成绩会被记录在案，将来学生求职时会用到。第二句“All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work. ”正是本题的题干。
24
Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because _____.
A.
they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study
B.
they will then be able to stay longer in the university
C.
such positions help them get better jobs
D.
such positions are usually well paid
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推断题。第二段第三句到最后一句讲到学生们热衷于参加学校学生工作，是因为这些学生团体在学校具有一定的影响力，因此“A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be benefit to him later in his career.”，从此可以得出C项为正确答案.
25
The student organizations seem to be effective in_____.
A.
dealing with the academic affairs of the university
B.
ensuring that the students observe university regulations
C.
evaluating students' performance by bringing them before a student court
D.
keeping up the students' enthusiasm for social activities
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
细节题。第二段第四句讲到学生通过向学校当局提出合理建议来有效地维持学校的秩序，违反校规的人将受到学生法庭的审判，因此正确答案为B项.
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