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By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. In just a few years, 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning (DL)，and among the larger schools, it's closer to 90 percent. If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably haven't heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90 000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.
While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. Generally speaking, face-to-face communication with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.
The attraction for students might at first seem obvious. Primarily, there's the convenience promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas (睡衣). But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for online students is 35 percent. Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup. In a survey conducted for eCornell, the DL division of Cornell University, less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course.
Clearly, from the schools' perspective, there's a lot of money to be saved. Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software, most DL courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded (升级) systems. The more students who enroll in a course but don't come to campus, the more the school saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots. And, while there's evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of reasons, they won't be paid any more, and might well be paid less.
1
What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix?
A.
All its courses are offered online.
B.
Its online courses are of the best quality.
C.
It boasts the largest number of students on campus.
D.
Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the University of Phoenix定位到第一段第三、四句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，凤凰大学完全以网络教育为基础授予学位。由此可推断该学校是一个网络学校，课程都是以远程教育的方式开展，故选A)。
2
According to the passage, distance learning is basically characterized by_____.
A.
a considerable flexibility in its academic requirements
B.
the great diversity of students' academic backgrounds
C.
a minimum or total absence of face-to-face instruction
D.
the casual relationship between students and professors
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的 distance learning 和 basically characterized by 定位到第二段。细节辨认题。由定位段可知，远程教学的特点是教师会把课程大纲、阅读任务等张贴到网站上，学生们则以电子邮件的形式提交作业。一般来讲，师生间面对面交流的情况已大大减少，甚至消失。选项C)符合文意。
3
Many students take Internet-based courses mainly because they can_____.
A.
earn their academic degrees with much less effort
B.
save a great deal on traveling and boarding expenses
C.
select courses from various colleges and universities
D.
work on the required courses whenever and wherever
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的Internet-based courses和mainly because定位到第三段前两句。推理判断题。由定位句可知学生选择这种学习方式的主要原因在于它的便捷性。可推出答案为D)。
4
What accounts for the high drop-out rates for online students?
A.
There is no strict control over the academic standards of the courses.
B.
The evaluation system used by online universities is inherently weak.
C.
There is no mechanism to ensure that they make the required effort.
D.
Lack of classroom interaction reduces the effectiveness of instruction.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的drop-out rates定位到第三段第三、四句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，网络学校的学生綴学率较高的原因是付出减少的状况导致了课程约束力的降低，也就是说没有一个机制来保证所需的努力，故选C)。
5
According to the passage, universities show great enthusiasm for DL programs for the purpose of_____.
A.
building up their reputation
B.
cutting down on their expenses
C.
upgrading their teaching facilities
D.
providing convenience for students
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的universities和purpose定位到末段第一句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，很显然，从学校的角度来看，网络教学能节省大量资金，后文也对此进行了举例说明，这与B)正好吻合。
It's been 30 years since Congress revised US patent laws to encourage universities to embrace the world of commerce. Critics predicted that the integrity of academic research would be compromised by patent-grubbing and attempts to build companies around the latest laboratory findings. But such fears did not come true, says a new report from the National Academies released Monday. The panel—chaired by Mark Wrighton, Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis—examined a vast file of scholarly work on how universities have managed intellectual property in the wake of the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act and concluded that things are pretty much hunky-dory (极好的) right now. Or, as the report says：
The Bayh-Dole legal framework and the practices of universities have not seriously undermined academic norms of uninhibited inquiry, open communication, or faculty advancement based on scholarly merit. There is little evidence that intellectual property considerations interfere with other important avenues of transferring research results to development and commercial use.
At the same time, however, the Academies, panel warns universities not to go overboard hunting for patents. While some universities have made millions of dollars by licensing discoveries from their labs, raising money should not be the main goal. Instead, the report says, universities should aim to disseminate (传播) technology as widely as possible for the public good. This may mean passing up the best-paying licensing deal and taking one that allows for broader use of the technology. For most schools, it adds, the likelihood of "raising significant revenue" from patents is small, the probability of disappointment is high, and the risk of "distorting and narrowing" the use of new knowledge is great.
It's important not to get carried away with racking up patents at the expense of the university's primary obligation to disseminate new knowledge and technologies, says panel member David Korn， assistant provost (教务长) for research at Harvard University. A former dean of the Stanford University Medical School, Korn was involved in reviewing a set of high-minded guidelines for universities that were largely adopted by the panel. These "Nine Points to Consider in Licensing" were previously endorsed by the Association of University Technology Managers.
6
What was the critics' attitude toward the revised patent laws?
A.
They thought the patent laws may promote the economic development.
B.
They thought the patent laws may exert negative influence on scholarship.
C.
They thought the patent laws may give the universities more power.
D.
They thought the patent laws may make the universities more active.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的critics' attitude和the revised patent laws定位到首段前两句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，对于美国国会修改专利法，评论家预测追求专利和围绕实验室最新成果建立公司的企图将会影响学术研究的完整性。由此推知，评论家担心该法案会对学术有负面影响，故B)为正确答案。
7
What is the result of the panel's examination?
A.
The laws influence the academic norms just a little.
B.
The laws interfere with the academic norms.
C.
The laws cut the revenue of universities.
D.
The laws prevent the universities' development.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the panel's examination定位到第一段第四、五句及第二段。推理判断题。由定位句及定位段可知，专家小组进行检查，发现《拜杜法案》的法律框架和大学的实际操作并没有严重地削弱不受查询限制的学术规范、言论自由和建立在学术价值基础上的全体教师的提升，即该法案并没有在很大程度上影响到学术标准，故A)为正确答案。
8
What can we learn from this passage about the function of universities?
A.
Universities should follow the countries' policy.
B.
Universities should choose their faculty by their economic abilities.
C.
Universities should bring a large amount of money to the country.
D.
Universities should do things mainly on the base of the public interest.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的function of universities定位到第三段第三句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，大学应该以公众利益为目标，尽可能广泛地传播科技，即高校的职责应以公众利益为前提，故D)为正确答案。
9
According to the panel's suggestion, what should most universities do?
A.
They should try hard to invent patents.
B.
They should develop the technology for themselves.
C.
They should take the risk of licensing the patents.
D.
They should spread the technology for broader use.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的panel's suggestion定位到第三段第四句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，高校需要放弃最赚钱的注册交易而采用可以更广泛地传播科技用途的一种交易方式。由此推知，D)为正确答案。
10
The phrase "racking up" (Line 1, Para. 4) means_____.
A.
getting an amount of patents
B.
trying hard to remember the patents
C.
suffering the loss of the patents
D.
neglecting the profits of the patents
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的racking up定位到第四段第一句。由定位句可知，大学不应该以放弃传播新知识技术的主要职责而只顾着_____专利权。结合专利与维护公众利益、传播新知识技术的冲突可推断，此处应指"设法获取专利"，故A)为正确答案。
At a music festival in California in June 1967, a middle-aged sitar player watched Jimi Hendrix set his guitar on fire. The crowd cheered. Ravi Shankar was horrified. Born in 1920 in Benares, a holy Indian city now called Varanasi, Mr. Shankar came from an affluent and artistic family.
Mr. Shankar gained acclaim in India as both a performer and a composer—he wrote scores for Satyajit Ray, a fellow Bengali who is still regarded as one of the country's best film-makers. He started teaching American jazz musicians such as John Coltrane and Don Ellis, and also recorded albums with Yehudi Menuhin, an American violinist, and Philip Glass, one of the 20th century's most influential composers. But he is perhaps best known for his influence on the Beatles—Harrison, the band's lead guitarist, was so taken with Mr. Shankar that he went to India to have sitar lessons with him.
Music was also the spine of his personal life. His first wife was Annapurna Devi, his guru's daughter and a gifted sitarist. A 2005 biography of Ms. Devi states that her husband made her vow not to perform in public so that she would not overshadow him. In the late 1940s, Mr. Shankar began a long relationship with Kamala Shastri, a dancer. He then met Sue Jones, a concert producer with whom he had a daughter in 1979, Norah Jones, a singer who has won nine Grammy awards. In 1989, he married Sukanya Rajan. Their daughter, Anoushka Shankar, is a sitarist who performed regularly with her father over the last decade.
On paper, Mr. Shankar was a perfect guru for the long-haired, incense-burning hippy movement. But, in later years, he admitted he was not entirely comfortable at the hedonistic (快乐主义的) California festivals of the 1960s, such as Monterey Festival and Woodstock. The drugs, mayhem (骚乱) and short-lived fads for one kind of music or another unsettled him. He thought Jimi Hendrix's flaming guitar was the "greatest sacrilege (渎圣行为) possible". However, he continued his pop music collaborations, even though some musicians in India, perhaps envious, criticised him for working with Western pop stars. A week before would receive a lifetime achievement award at next year's Grammy
11
What can be learned about Ravi Shankar's background?
A.
He was from a family of musicians.
B.
He was from a family full of artistic air.
C.
He was from an Indian-American family.
D.
He was from a loving and caring family.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的Ravi Shankar's background定位到第一段最后一句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，Shankar先生家境富裕，充满艺术气息，因此B)为正确答案。
12
What artistic achievements did Shankar achieve?
A.
He was one of the best film-makers in India.
B.
He created plays for famous film-makers.
C.
He made records with other musicians.
D.
He composed songs for the Beatles.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的artistic achievements定位到第二段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，Shankar也同美国小提琴家Yehudi Menuhin以及20世纪最有影响力的作曲家之一Philip Glass一同录制过唱片，故C)为正确答案。
13
What did Mr. Shankar's personal life suggest?
A.
Almost all women around him were art lovers.
B.
His first wife was far more famous than him.
C.
Mr. Shankar was a very charming artist.
D.
He enjoyed performing with his daughters.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的Mr. Shankar's personal life定位到第三段。推理判断题。定位段提到，他的第一任妻子Annapurna Devi是位西塔琴演奏家，后来结识的Kamala Shastri是舞蹈家，Sue Jones是演唱会制作人，他的一位女儿赢得了9项格莱美奖，另一位是一名西塔琴演奏家，所以A)为正确选项。
14
What did Mr. Shankar think of the hippy movement?
A.
He believed he was a leader of the movement.
B.
He loved the way hippies expressed themselves.
C.
He disliked the way hippies treated music.
D.
He felt hippies insulted his religious belief.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的the hippy movement定位到最后一段第一、二句。细节辨认题。从定位句可知，表面上，Shankar先生是嬉皮士们的完美上师，可是他对20世纪60年代加州音乐节上的种种行为并非完全中意，因此C)是正确选项。
15
How did Mr. Shankar cope with peer reviews in India?
A.
He began to collaborate with his peers.
B.
He shifted his attention to other artists.
C.
He seemed to turn a deaf ear to those reviews.
D.
He felt anxious about those reviews.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的peer reviews in India定位到最后一段倒数第二句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，他继续着与流行音乐的合作，即使在印度有一些音乐家，或许是出于嫉妒，批评他与西方流行歌手合作。由此可知，Shankar先生似乎对印度同行们的批评充耳不闻，所以C)符合文意，为正确答案。
A new report released by the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) reminds us of a topic education writers almost never address the indecent side of the recruitment of teachers abroad for U.S. schools. The AFT report, “Importing Educators: Causes and Consequences of International Teacher Recruitment," has some shocking disclosures, and deserves a close reading.
The report says that one recruiter for overseas educated teachers in Newark, NJ, forced recruits to sign a contract obligating them to kick back 25 percent of their salaries to the recruiter. Other recruiters claimed that they would help the teachers to get loans at 60 percent interest rate. Some forbade them to own cars. Some placed the newly arrived teachers in overcrowded, unfinished housing, the report said.
The AFT was smart to start their press release on the report with this true statement: "The growing number of overseas-educated teachers in U.S. schools has put many talented educators in classrooms." Then it added the concerns that the immoral recruiting has raised.
This is something for school boards and citizens to investigate in cities that have recruited many teachers from abroad. It is another reason why we should celebrate groups like Teach For America that are working hard to persuade more Americans to consider teaching in those districts that have the greatest shortages.
The best teacher I ever saw in action, the man who turned me into an education reporter, was educated in Bolivia, and taught there until he moved to the U.S. when he was 34. He was not recruited by anyone. His wife hoped that moving him to America would persuade him to stop teaching, which she thought was beneath him. His name is Jaime Escalante. If anyone had tried any of these recruiter tricks on him, they would have regretted it for the rest of their lives. He was, and still is in retirement, a tough guy, who spent 10 years learning English and redoing his college education so he could teach here. I am sure the AFT will be very happy if we get more like him, and stop this exploitation of people who want to help kids.
16
1. What issue has long been ignored by education writers?
A.
Many overseas teachers wanted to work in the American schools.
B.
There was dirty work in the process of recruiting overseas teachers.
C.
The American schools recruited unqualified overseas teachers.
D.
Overseas teachers did not enjoy any welfare in the United States.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
第1段第1句破折号前的never address和本题题干中的ignored意思相近，因此，本题答案应从破折号后寻找。破折号后的indecent side 和B中的dirty work意 义相近,B是对破折号后的内容的近义改写，故为本题答案。
17
2. What is the AFT report mainly concerned about?
A.
The low salaries of the overseas teachers.
B.
The recruiting process of the overseas teachers.
C.
The need for more overseas teachers in the U.S.
D.
The living conditions of the overseas teachers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
从第1段第1句中的indecent side 和第3段最后一句中的immoral recruiting可 以知道AFT关注的是“招募”本身的过程,不是别的细节问题，因此,本题应选B。
18
3. The author is most likely to agree that "districts that have the greatest shortages" ____.
A.
can't afford to hire local American teachers
B.
do not appeal to local American teachers at all
C.
have a flawed education system
D.
are in great need of teachers
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
只要找出"districts that have the greatest shortages" 最短缺的是什么,本题就迎刃而解了。根据第4段和全文的内容可以知道这些地区最缺的就是“教师"，因此,D的说法是正确的。
19
4. It is implied in the last paragraph that Mrs. Escalante thought that ____.
A.
teachers were not highly respected in the U.S.
B.
overseas teachers were usually unfairly treated
C.
her husband deserved a better job than teaching
D.
her husband had always wanted to change his job
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
最后一段第3句中的定语从句which she thought was beneath him中,which指的是teaching,而beneath sb.意为“对某人不够好”，由此可见,Mrs. Escalante认为当教师对于丈夫来说太埋没他的才能了，也就是说，她认为丈夫能胜任比当教师更好的工作，故选C。
20
5. According to the passage, what is AFT?
A.
A non-government organization of teachers.
B.
C.A government branch administering teachers.
C.
A research institute on teachers' iss
D.
A government branch administering teachers.
E.
B.A research institute on teachers' issues.
F.
A scholarly journal issued by teachers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
第1段第1句提到了AFT发表了一份新报告,据此可以推断AFT是一个具有行为能力的个人或组织，据此可排除D。文章最后一句提到如果我们有更多像Mr. Escalante那样的老师，如果我们能阻止那些不良招聘者剥削那些真心从教的老师，美国教师联合会将会非常高兴。说明跟不良招聘者抗争的是像结尾段提到的这位老师,AFT并没有管理功能。可排除C。而全文提到AFT--篇有关海外教师招募问题的报告，并不能说明AFT就是一个针对教师问题的调查机构,B排除。综合上述,本题选A。
The $11 billion self-help industry is built on the idea that you should turn negative thoughts like “I never do anything right" into positive ones like “I can succeed." But was positive thinking advocate Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in positive thinking?
Researchers in Canada just published a study in the journal Psychological Science that says trying to get people to think more positively can actually have the opposite effect: it can simply highlight how unhappy they are.
The study's authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of Waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, you're just underlining his faults. In one 1990s experiment, a team including psychologist Joel Cooper of Princeton asked participants to write essays opposing funding for the disabled. When the essayists were later praised for their sympathy, they felt even worse about what they had written.
In this experiment, Wood, Lee and Perunovic measured 68 students' self esteem. The participants were then asked to write down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes. Every 15 seconds, one group of students heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to tell themselves, “I am lovable.
Those with low self esteem didn't feel better after the forced self-affirmation. In fact, their moods turned significantly darker than those of members of the control group, who weren't urged to think positive thoughts.
The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy(心理治疗) that urge people to accept their negative thoughts and feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting, we not only often fail but can make things worse. Meditation ( 静思) techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking.
21
1. What do we learn from the first paragraph about the self-help industry?
A.
It is a highly profitable industry.
B.
It is based on the concept of positive thinking.
C.
It was established by Norman Vincent Peale.
D.
It has yielded positive results.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据题干查找到第1段第1句。B中的based on即原句中built on, concept即idea,原文中的positive ones就是positive thoughts,故 B为原文的同义改写,为正确答案。
22
2. What is the finding of the Canadian researchers?
A.
Encouraging positive thinking may do more harm than good.
B.
There can be no simple therapy for psychological problems.
C.
Unhappy people cannot think positively.
D.
The power of positive thinking is limited.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
第2段指出，强迫人们积极思考实际上会适得其反，只会强化人们不开心的感觉。A“鼓励积极思维有可能是有害无益”与此含义相同，为答案。这里的more... than... 表示“与其....不她....
23
3. What does the author mean by“... you're just underlining his faults" (Line 4, Para 3)?
A.
You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.
B.
You are pointing out the errors he has committed.
C.
You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent.
D.
You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据题干提示查找到第3段第4行。原文说“如果你对一个脑子不是很灵活的朋友说他有成为爱因斯坦的潜质,那么你是在强调他的缺点。”句中dim指“不灵光的，愚钝的",fault指“缺点，不是”，underline指“强调”。故选C。
24
4. What do we learn from the experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic?
A.
It is important for people to continually boost their self-esteem.
B.
Self-affirmation can bring a positive change to one's mood.
C.
Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self esteem.
D.
People with low self-esteem seldom write down their true feelings.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据题干中的experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic 查找到第4.5段。第4段主要介绍了实验的过程，第5段是该实验的结果。第5段第2句说，这些人在不断强化积极的自我暗示后，心情反而更糟(darker),C说“强迫一个人积极思考会降低其自尊",lower(降低)对应原文中的darker。故C为答案。
25
5. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A.
The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person.
B.
Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy.
C.
Different people tend to have different ways of thinking.
D.
People can avoid making mistakes through meditation.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据题干查找到文章最后一段。该段介绍一种新的心理治疗方式，鼓励人接受自已的消极想法和感受,而不是一定要和它们抗争。第3句具体指出这个治疗方式叫meditation,B与文意相符，故为答案。
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