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英语四级
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The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U. S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths,and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples.
It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs and careers available they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing,children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive.
And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.
These circumstances 一 women working outside the home and the instability of marriage 一 tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during the remainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1976 and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2000. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint(限制)to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspirations will exceed resources. All this leads to a population in the twenty-first century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control the news is encouraging.
1
During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States _____.
A.
increased
B.
was reduced
C.
experienced both falls and rises
D.
remained stable
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节题。参见文章第一段第二句。关键在于对本句的理解,本句意思是“美国及其他富有的国家的人口出生率自1957年以来,几乎没有一年不在下降,而且在1976年下降得尤其迅速”。由此可知:从1957年到1976年美国孩子的出生率在下降。
2
What influences the birth rate most in the United States is_____.
A.
highly paid jobs
B.
women's desire for independence
C.
expenses of child raising
D.
high divorce rate
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节题。根据文章第二段第二句可判断出该題答案为B项.
3
The sentence "From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive" (Para.2) implies that______.
A.
food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensive
B.
prices are going up dramatically all the time
C.
to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobs
D.
social development has made child-raising inexpensive
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
推断题,此题的关键在于对impossibly—词的理解,意思是“无法想象地,非常地”。第二段第二句吿诉我们“妇女一旦找到有趣且报酬好的工作,她们便不太愿意花费精力养育孩子”。由此得知C项为正确答案。
4
A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is_____.
A.
birth control
B.
the desire to seek fortune in cities
C.
the instability of marriage
D.
the changed place of women
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节理。根据文章第四段最后一句 Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world,a main factor...得知,ambition to rise in the urban world 意思与选项 B—样,所以 B 项为正确答案。
5
The population in the 21st century, according to the writer, ______.
A.
will be smaller than a few years ago
B.
will not be as small as people expect
C.
will prove to be a threat to the world
D.
will not constitute as serious a problem as expected
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
细节题。根据文章最后一段倒数第二句 All this leads to a population in the twenty-first century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago.表明几年前人口问题是人们担忧的问题,这句话不仅指出21世纪人口会变少,面且不再成为人们担心害怕的事情。因此,D项为正确答案.
A man living absolutely alone in a desert or forest is free from other people; but he is not absolutely free. His freedom is limited in several ways. Firstly, by the things around him, such as wild animals or cliffs too steep to climb. Secondly, by his own needs: he must have sleep, water, food and shelter from extreme heat or cold. Lastly,by his own nature as a man: disease may attack him, and death will certainly come to him sooner or later.
When men live together, on the other hand, protection against wild animals is easier and they can work together to get food and build shelters; but each man has to give up some of his freedom so that he can live happily with the others.
When men become organized into very large groups,and civilization develops, it is possible to get freedom from hunger,thirst, cold, heat and many diseases, so that each person can live a happier life than he could if he were living alone; but such a society cannot work successfully unless the freedom of each human being is to some extent limited so that he is kept from hurting others. I am not free to kill others, nor to steal someone else,s property, nor to behave in a way that offends against the moral sense of the society in which I live. I have to limit my own freedom myself so that others will not limit it too much: I agree to respect the rights of others, and in return they agree to respect mine.
The advantages of such an agreement are great: one man can become a doctor, knowing that others will grow food,make clothes and build a house for him, in return for the work he does to keep them healthy. If each man had to grow his own food, make his own clothes, build his own house and learn to be his own doctor, he would find it impossible to do any one of these jobs really well. By working together, we make it possible for society to provide us all with food, clothes, shelter and medical care, while leaving each of us with as much freedom as it can
6
A man living alone in a desert or forest _____.
A.
is absolutely free
B.
feels lonely
C.
has limited freedom
D.
enjoys no freedom
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
细节题。根据文章的第一和第二句“A man living absolutely alone in a desert or forest is free from other people; but he is not absolutely free. His freedom is limited in several ways.”得出正确答案为C项。
7
The author suggestion that when men live together _____.
A.
they will have no freedom
B.
they can help each other protect against wild animals
C.
they have to work for their own foods and shelters
D.
everyone's happiness is at the expense of other people's freedom
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节题。问的是作者认为人们生活在一起的时候会是怎样的。文章的第二段中说道“When men live together, on the other hand,protection against animals is easier and...”,因此 B 项为正确答案。
8
Which of these is NOT true for a man living in an organized society?
A.
He can live a happier life
B.
He has no such problems as hunger, thirst,cold and many diseases
C.
He has no freedom to hurt others.
D.
He has to limit his own
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
推断题。要求根据文章的内容,作出true或false的推断。四个选项的内容在文章第三段中的“When men become organized into...so that he is kept from hurting others...都提到了,但 B 项中 no such problem as的提法太绝对,与文章中的possible to get freedom from在意义上不等同。因此B项不符合文章的原意,故为正确答案。
9
According to the passage, to do all his own jobs, one would_____.
A.
enjoy a complete freedom
B.
find it a happy thing to do everything at his own will
C.
find it a very hard job to deal with everything by himself
D.
feel quite fantastic and stimulating
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
推断题。文章第四段中讲到“If each man had to grow his own food, make his own clothes, build his own house and learn to be his own doctor,he would find it impossible to do any one of these jobs really well.”,可以推断出选项C的内容与之最为相近。因此正确答案为C项。
10
We may infer from the passage that the author______.
A.
is against separation from a civilized society
B.
is for a well-organized society
C.
is against freedom gained at other's expense
D.
denies the existence of many-sided people
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
主旨题。文章前三段的第一句和最后一段都指出一个秩序良好的社会是必要的。所以答案应该是B项。
Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. All kinds of people describe themselves as shy: short, tall, dull, intelligent, young, old, slim, overweight. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? I'm ugly. I'm wearing unattractive clothes.
It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people negatively. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. For instance,people who have a positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence. Because they have self-assurance, they don't need constant praise and encouragement from others to feel good about themselves. Self-confident people are their own best friends. They participate in life enthusiastically and naturally. They are not affected by what others think they "should do". People with high self-esteem are not hurt by criticism; they do not regard criticism as personal rejection. Instead, they view criticism as suggestion for improvement.
In contrast, shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It's clear that,while self-assurance is a healthy quality, overdoing it is detrimental, or harmful.
11
What is the passage mainly about?
A.
Shyness causes unhappiness.
B.
Shyness affects many people in our society.
C.
Shyness is caused by an unhappy childhood.
D.
Talking to strangers will make one get rid of his shyness.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
主旨题。作者在第一段第一句就提出了本文的主旨:害羞是很多人不快乐的原因。
12
Shy people are unhappy because_____.
A.
they are very sensitive to criticism
B.
they are thought to be inferior to others
C.
they are very difficult to be pleased by compliments
D.
they are constantly troubled by unnecessary worries
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
细节题。根据第一段中“Worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in their minds... ”可知,他们的脑海中总是萦绕着一些让人苦恼的想法。因此D项为正确答案。
13
The word "self-esteem" (Line 5, Para.2) most probably means_____.
A.
self-respect
B.
self-opinion
C.
self-control
D.
self-educated
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
词汇题。根据第二段第四句“For instance,people who have positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence. ”可知,有着积极的自我价值观或者较高的自我评价的人一般做事很有信心。其他选项不符合本句的意思。
14
It can be inferred from the passage that shy people_____.
A.
have ideas of their own
B.
are inferior to others
C.
are unworthy of praise
D.
need encouragement and praise from others to feel good about themselves
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
推断题。根据文章的内容,第二段第三到第五句和第三段第二句,自我评价高的人通常很有信心, 因此他们不需要别人经常表扬和鼓励来达到良好的自我感觉,相比之下,害羞的人通常做事被动并易受他人影响,需要别人来证实他们做的事情正确无误。因此D项为正确答案。
15
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A.
Shy people are easily hurt by criticism.
B.
Shy people have trouble accepting compliments.
C.
If we think well of ourselves, we'll act with confidence.
D.
People are shy because they care about their appearance and actions.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
推断题。根据第一段第三句“Shy people are anxious and self-conscious: that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions,”可知,过分关注自己的外表的行为是害羞的表现,而非害羞的原因。因此D项是正确答案。
I hear many parents complaining that their teenage children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another's hands for reassurance.
They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon(蚕苗)into a larger cocoon.
It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teenager market. These days every teenager can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path.
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come with the people who respect you for who you are. That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
16
The author's purpose in writing this passage is to tell_________
A.
readers how to be popular with people around
B.
teenagers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C.
parents how to control and guide their children
D.
people how to understand and respect each other
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
[B]主旨题。文章中多数句子的主语是teenagers或you(指teenagers),因此可以断定这篇文章是写给 teenagers 的。
17
According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but,in fact,most of them _____.
A.
have much difficulty understanding each other
B.
lack confidence
C.
dare not show that they disagree with their parents
D.
are very much afraid of getting lost
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
[B]推断题。第一段最后两句讲到尽管孩子们在家长面前表现得非常叛逆。但亊实上从“Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one another's hand for assurance.”可知,他们并不敢独立地面对问题,而是在彼此之间寻找信息。
18
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A.
There is no popularity that really counts.
B.
What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C.
It is not necessarily bad for a teenager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D.
Most teenagers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
[A]推断题。第三段第四句提到了选项B最后一段提到了选项C,第一段后两句和第二段都提到了选项D,而A项的内容与文章最后一句意思相反。
19
The author thinks of advertisements as______.
A.
convincing
B.
influential
C.
instructive
D.
authoritative
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
[B]细节题。第三段第三句“These days every teenager can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should have and be. ”说明广告对青少年是具有影响力的。
20
During the teenage years, one should learn to_____.
A.
differ from others in as many ways as possible
B.
get into the right season and become popular
C.
find one's real self
D.
rebel against parents and the popularity wave
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
[Cl推断题。文章最后一段鼓励青少年找回自我,保持自我,这种时尚才真正有价值,因此C项为正确答案。
It is indeed unfortunate that in our modern era of technologic and scientific achievement, there is no adequate explanation for a seemingly simple question: "Why do people become too fat and what can be done to prevent it?" About 50 million men and 60 million women between the ages of 18 and 79 are "too fat" and need to reduce excess weight. This amounts to about 377 million kg of excess fat for men and 667 million kg for women,or a total of 1,044 million kg (2,297 million lb) for the United States adult population! If the over-fat men and women dieted by consuming 600 fewer calories each day to reduce to a "normal" value of body fat (achievable in 68 days for men and 101 days for women),the reduced caloric intake(摄入量)would equal 5.7 trillion calories. Translating this into fossil fuel energy and considering such factors as the energy required to plant, cultivate, harvest, feed, process, transport, wholesale, retail, acquire, store and cook the food, the annual energy saving would be equal to that required to supply the residential electric demand of Boston, Chicago, San Francisco and Washington D.C. or 13 billion gallons of gasoline to fuel 900,000 autos per year. Until recently, the major cause of obesity(肥胖)was believed to be overeating. However, if gluttony(贪食)and overindulgence were the only factors associated with an increase in body fat, the easiest way to permanently reduce would surely be to cut back on food and drink. Of course, if it were that simple, obesity would soon be eliminated as a major health problem. There are obviously other factors operative such as genetic, environmental, and social influences. However, these causes probably overlap(重复).It seems fairly certain that the treatment procedures devised so far, whether they be diets, surgery, drugs, psychological methods, or exercise, either alone or in combination, have not been particularly successful in solving the problem on a long-term basis. There is, nonetheless, optimism that as researchers continue to investigate many facets of obesity, as well as to test and quantify various treatment modes, significant progress can be made to conquer this major health problem.
21
The complaint made by the writer in the first few lines of the passage is that______.
A.
people have failed to solve the important problem of obesity and weight control in our modern era
B.
we spend so much money on technologic and scientific achievement
C.
the problem of obesity and weight control is difficult to solve
D.
the problem of obesity and weight needs to be solved only by doctors
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
推断题。作者在文章一开始就讲到尽管现代科学技术如此发达,人们却对一个表面看来非常简单的问题“为什么人们变得这么胖,怎样做才能解决这个问题?”束手无策。因此A项为正确答案。
22
The percentage of the excess fat for women in the total amount of excess fat is roughly _____.
A.
50%
B.
60%
C.
70%
D.
40%
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节题。文章第五行讲到在1,044 million kg fat中有667 million kg来自女性,因此B项为正确答案。
23
How many calories would equal energy required annually to supply the residential electric demands of Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington D.C.?
A.
13 billion.
B.
5.7 trillion.
C.
Less than 5.7 trillion.
D.
More than 5.7 trillion
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节题。根据文章第八行 the reduced caloric intake would equal 5,7 trillion calories... to fuel 900,000 autos per year.”,可以确定正确答案是B项。
24
Which of the following should not be considered in evaluating the cause of an over-fat person?
A.
Indulgence in drinking.
B.
Genetic, environmental, and social factors.
C.
All these factors probably overlap.
D.
Overeating.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
细节题。文章倒数第七行指出肥胖不仅仅是饮食过量造成的,还受到遗传、环境、社会的影响。这几个原因分别在A、B、D项中列出,C项不是造成肥胖的原因。
25
The writer finally says there is optimism for the treatment of obesity,because _____.
A.
various treatment procedures have been devised so far
B.
the treatment procedures are particularly successful in solving the problem on a shortterm basis
C.
exercise alone can be successful in solving this major health problem
D.
significant progress will be made to conquer this major health problem through researchers* efforts
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
推断题。文章最后提到...optimism that as researchers continue to investigate many factors of obesity, as well as to test and quantify various treatment modes, significant progress can be made to conquer this major health problem”,由此可知 D 项是正确答案。
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