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Schools looking to ban cell phones may have a new excuse: a growing number of people are developing an allergy to metal in the devices. We all know that food allergies are on the rise-a study last year showed the rate at 1 per 70 children, compared with 1 in 250 in the 1970s. But at last month's meeting of the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, allergists reported that many substances that once seemed innocuous (无害的）are now leading to allergic reactions, too.
Allergies can develop when young bodies come into contact with a new substance, and an increasing number of kids have early exposure to tech tools and "adult" products that can lead to a lifetime of reactions. For instance, the nickel hardware often used on phone trim and faceplates can lead to red, itchy skin where the phone is pressed against the face of someone who developed a nickel allergy at a young age. It's especially problematic for women, says Luz Fonacier, an allergist who attended the conference. Young girls are often first exposed to nickel when they get their ears pierced, and therefore are more likely to develop sensitivity to the metal that can cause allergic reactions later on.
Temporary tattoos could be another allergy trigger. They share a pigment (色素)used in hair dyes, which can lead to problems down the line. "You might have kids developing the sensitivity now, and then finding out only when they're much older and decide to dye their hair, then have an attack," says Fonacier.
Foods that were once considered low risk, like pumpkin, are now causing some allergic reactions, too.
So what's behind all these newfangled allergens (过敏原）？Some researchers believe that as humans live in cleaner, safer and more disease-free environments, the immune system-given less to do thanks to antibiotics and Clorox (次氯酸钠）—turns on substances once considered safe. Others note that children are being exposed to more and more new foods and foreign substances at earlier ages, which could up the chances of developing sensitivity. To be safe, Fonacier recommends that children avoid piercing until after age 10. And it's all just another reason to keep those cell phones and temporary tattoos away from young hands.
1
What makes allergies more serious now than before?
A.
People have an allergy to metal in certain devices now.
B.
Many substances once thought harmless are now causing allergies.
C.
The items of food causing allergies are on the rise.
D.
The cell phone can make the user's face red and itchy.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的allergies和more serious now than before定位到首段最后一句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，过敏比以前严重的主要原因在于很多过去似乎无害的物质如今也会导致过敏反应。由此可知,B)为正确答案。
2
A person might develop a nickel allergy when_____.
A.
he uses the cell phone against his face closely
B.
he eats food such as pumpkin and apples
C.
he wears his necklace every day
D.
he dyes his hair in a barber shop
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的might develop a nickel allergy定位到第二段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，当一个人把手机压在脸上的时候，可能会产生过敏反应，故A)为正确答案。
3
Why can the temporary tattoo cause allergies?
A.
It is related to dying hair in a barbershop.
B.
It will make people's skin itchy and red.
C.
It will make people allergic when they dye the hair.
D.
It uses a kind of pigment which can cause allergies.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的temporary tattoo和allergies定位到第三段第一、二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，临时文身可能是导致过敏症产生的另一种因素。临时文身会使用染发剂中的一种色素,它以后可能会导致过敏症。D)与文意相符，为正确答案。
4
It is believed that in cleaner and safer environments the immune system will_____.
A.
not work because of diseases
B.
rely on antibiotics and Clorox
C.
have a strong response to certain substances
D.
function more efficiently and quickly
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的cleaner and safer environments和the immune system定位到最后一段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，当人类生活在更干净、更安全、更不受疾病侵扰的环境中时,免疫系统会开始攻击一些曾经被认为安全的物质,也就是说由于环境改善太大,人类免疫系统开始转而对一些物质反应强烈。C)与文意相符，为正确答案。
5
In order to be safe from allergies, children should avoid ___.
A.
piercing their ears before 10 years old
B.
answering fixed telephones
C.
living in safer environments
D.
eating local foods in their daily life
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的be safe from allergies,children和avoid定位到最后一段最后两句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，为了安全起见，Fonacieio建议孩子在10岁之前不要穿耳洞。这也是让手机和临时文身远离儿童的另外一个原因。Fonacier提出10岁之前不要穿耳洞的建议以防止孩子们患上过敏症,故A)为正确答案。
Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, Japan began developing a reputation for its longevity. By the 1970s, the Japanese were the longest lived of any population in the world. Although genetic predispositions and cultural factors like diet certainly contributed to the long life span of the Japanese, it was the country's kaihoken, or universal health care, that was largely responsible for boosting quality of life and increasing the country's life expectancy. In recognition of 50 years of kaihoken, the medical journal Lancet recently published a special issue exploring Japanese longevity. Unfortunately, it's not all good news.
Even though Japan continues to have the highest life expectancy in the world, it is on track to be outpaced by other long-lived countries, like Sweden, Italy and Australia. Researchers believe that relatively high rates of tobacco use, changes in diet that have raised body-mass index, and the rising rate of suicide are contributing to Japan's slowing declines in rates of adult mortality (死亡率）."If recent trends continue, other nations are likely to achieve lower rates of adult mortality than Japan," said Professor Christopher Murray of the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle. He added that Japan's universal health care system may not be sufficiently nimble enough to address mounting 21st-century health problems. "In an era of economic stagnation，political turmoil (混乱)，aging populations and inadequate tobacco control， Japan does not seem to be effective in addressing its new set of health challenges. It will take more than universal access to a low-spending, high-volume health system to tackle these challenges. "
Physical illness is not the only drag on the country's life expectancy :more than 30 000 Japanese people take their own lives each year, perhaps the continuing aftereffect of the 1997 financial crisis. Still, the biggest health challenge facing the Japanese is related to lifestyle factors like cigarette smoking, obesity and uncontrolled blood pressure~all of which contribute to chronic health problems that tax the public health care system. That system is already strained by the demands of an aging populace (人口）and by injuries associated with recent natural disasters.
6
By the 1970s, Japan had the highest life expectancy mainly because the Japanese_____.
A.
possessed exceptional genes for longevity
B.
benefited from the universal health care system
C.
were more careful with the quality of life
D.
paid great attention to diets and physical health
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的 By the 1970s 和 the highest life expectancy 定位到第一段第二、 三句。细节辨认题。定位句提到，到20世纪70年代，日本成为世界上人口最长寿的 国家。尽管遗传倾向和饮食习惯之类的文化因素无疑促成了日本人长寿,但是 日本所实行的kaihoken,即全民医疗保健体系极大地改善了生活质量，并提高 了这个国家的人口预期寿命。由此可知B)为正确答案。
7
What do we know about Japan's life expectancy according to the second paragraph?
A.
Some negative factors are affecting it.
B.
It has been outpaced by other countries.
C.
Higher rates of tobacco use threaten it most.
D.
It always goes down with the financial crisis.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the second paragraph定位到第二段。细节辨认题。本段介绍了日本"长寿之国"的地位正在被动摇，而新出现的各种 健康问题使日本全民医疗保健体系受到挑战。通过定位段可知，相对较高的吸 烟率、提高体重指数的饮食变化以及攀升的自杀率等因素正在影响日本人的预 期寿命，故A)为正确答案。
8
According to Christopher Murray, Japan's universal health care system____.
A.
can help solve most health problems facing Japan in the future
B.
should be completely replaced by a new set of system as soon as possible
C.
may not be effective enough to tackle new challenges in this century
D.
has to obtain more financial support from the government
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的 Christopher Murray 和 universal health care system 定位到第二段 最后三句。细节辨认题。定位句表明，Christopher Murray认为日本的全民医疗保健体系 解析也许不足以灵活应对21世纪不断增加的健康问题，因为有许多新的健康挑战， 如经济萧条、政治混乱、人口老龄化和烟草控制不力等，故C)为正确答案。
9
What poses the greatest challenge to the Japanese health?
A.
The ongoing aftereffect of the 1997 financial crisis.
B.
The high rates of committing suicide.
C.
The bad lifestyle factors leading to chronic health problems.
D.
The frequent occurrence of natural disasters.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的the greatest challenge定位到第三段第二句。推理判断题。定位句提到了日本所面临的最大的健康挑战与吸烟、肥胖和不受 解析控制的血压等生活方式因素有关,所有这些因素都导致了慢性健康问题。因此 C)为正确答案。
10
According to the third paragraph', the authors attitude to Japan's public health care system is _____
A.
optimistic
B.
indifferent
C.
ironic
D.
concerned
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的the third paragraph定位到第三段。观点态度题。定位段分析了导致慢性健康问题的生活方式，又表明老龄化问题 解析以及最近日本发生的自然灾害使得日本的全国医疗保健体系压力重重。这些 客观分析表明作者十分担心日本的全国医疗保健体系，故D)为正确答案。
As you crest (到达）a rise on Mississippi's Highway 63，a calm brown waterway flows beneath the bridge, and cranes and derricks (油井架)is revealed in the distance. The near view gives the region its charm; the distant one sustains it. The oil industry and shipbuilding both thrive along the coast. But the population has waned, displaced by hurricanes, so companies must look elsewhere for their workers. The results are not always happy ones.
Like America's rickety immigration system, the H-2B program draws scorn from all sides. Companies in such industries as forestry and fisheries depend heavily on guest workers. But since 1990 the H-2B has been capped at a worthless 66 000 a year. Even with exemptions for workers who extend their visas, that cap has been hit every year but one. In 2008 American companies requested nearly 294 000 H-2Bs. Unions, for their part, were worried that guest workers take jobs from willing Americans, as well as driving down wages and benefits. And immigrant-rights advocates point to the potential for abuse inherent in the program. Although temporary agricultural workers are guaranteed housing, travel expenses, firm hours of work and access to lawyers, H-2B visa- holders are promised only prevailing local wages. Their visas are tied to their jobs, which deters (制止）complaint.
Mary Bauer, the legal director of the Southern Poverty Law Centre, a civil-rights program that has represented numerous H-2B plaintiffs, says that temporary workers appeal to employers because "they cannot work for anybody else. They have to accept any terms imposed on them. They have to borrow a substantial amount of money to get here, and almost anything asked of them they feel obligated to tolerate and do. "
Things may be getting better. In February Superior Forestry Service, which provides the forest industry with immigrant workers, agreed to a $ 2.75 million settlement in a suit brought by 2 200 workers who claimed they were short-changed on wages. And in December 2009 Bernie Sanders, a senator from Vermont, introduced a bill that would provide guest workers with travel expenses and access to lawyers, regulate foreign recruiters and prevent companies that have massively laid off local staff from hiring immigrants. It won't make everyone happy, but at least it should make some people a bit less unhappy.
11
The main purpose of the first paragraph is to tell us that______.
A.
Mississippi has more highways than other states
B.
Mississippi needs some guest workers
C.
hurricanes have immense influence on Mississippi
D.
Mississippi's environment has been destroyed by humans
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的the first paragraph定位到第一段。推理判断题。由定位段可知，文章首先对密西西比州周边环境进行描述，然后自然过渡到当地产业,进而指出由于飓风使人们流离失所,所以公司必须到别处寻找工人，但结果并不总是令人满意。本段旨在指出密西西比州需要外来务工人员这一当务之急,故正确答案为B)。
12
What can we know about the H-2B visa-holders in America?
A.
They can prove that the American immigration system works effectively.
B.
They will take jobs from the local willing Americans totally.
C.
They can help promote American industries like forestry and manufacturing.
D.
They do not wholly enjoy their deserved rights in practice.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的H-2B visa-holders in America定位到第二段倒数第二句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，虽然临时农业工人在住房、交通费、固定工作时间和所需的律师事务这些方面都得到保证，但是H-2B签证的持有人只享有当地的普通工资水平,可见他们的实际权益并没有得到保证,故正确答案为D)。
13
According to Mary Bauer, many temporary workers_____.
A.
charge employers with depriving them of their basic rights
B.
have large debts to pay in America
C.
should be responsible for their employers
D.
are attracted by high payments abroad
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的Mary Bauer定位到第三段第一、二句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，临时工起诉雇主，因为他们不能受雇于任何其他雇主，他们必须接受施加给他们的任何条款。由此可推断，他们认为自己的权益受到损害才去寻求法律途径维权,故正确答案为A)。
14
The author's attitude towards Bernie Sanders' bill is_____.
A.
objective
B.
ironical
C.
humorous
D.
critical
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的The author's attitude和bill定位到第四段最后一句。观点态度题。由定位句可知，作者觉得这项法案不会让每个人都开心,但至少应该能让一些人少一点不满意,这是一种比较客观的态度，故正确答案为A)。
15
The main theme of this passage is that_____.
A.
America's outdated immigration law has many recognizable flaws
B.
industries in America are getting worse and worse nowadays
C.
the rights of guest workers need be protected by suitable laws
D.
Mississippi is not suitable for guest workers to live and work in
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的The main theme of the passage定位到整片文章。主旨大意题。本文以密西西比州缺乏外来务工人员为例，说明现在美国对外来务工人员的政策不够完善这一情况，并着重提到了相关法律诉讼和一项法案， 故正确答案为C)。
We didn't worry much about keeping fit 100 years ago. A sizeable percentage of the world's population was reaping and sowing, herding and mowing its way through life on preindustrial farms. In coastal cities, strong-shouldered stevedores (搬运工）were loading and unloading ships dawn to dusk without a container in sight. Builders and railroad men drove nails or sawed wood using muscles, not power tools. And for those doing the washing, cooking and scrubbing at home, life wasn't so dainty (文雅的）either. In that bygone, sweat-drenched era, staying in shape just wasn't an issue. Working out? Never heard of it.
Literally, the old energy-balance equation-calories in should equal calories out-is seriously out of order, as the rising rates of obesity in the developed world prove. For much of the past decade, health professionals and the popular press have focused on the intake side of the equation. We're eating too much fat, too many carbs (碳水化合物），too much altogether. But the problem is just as grave on the output side. We are not burning enough calories or moving our bodies enough to maintain good health. "We have two epidemics in America. One is obesity, the other is physical inactivity," remarks Dr. Tim Church.
How does exercise help us? To begin with, it works wonders for the heart： reducing the risk of heart disease and restoring function after a heart attack. In addition, it can help to moderate blood pressure in people with hypertension, significantly relieve depression and anxiety, and maintain cognitive function in old age. Studies show that physical activity may also assist in preventing certain cancer.
The World Health Organization estimates that physical inactivity is responsible for 1.9 million deaths every year. In the US, a third of adults are obese, and a quarter of them admit that they spend virtually no leisure time on exercise. A recent study by the University of Hong Kong found that lack of physical activity was linked to one in five deaths in the city. Another study found that long working hours and lack of exercise had left Hong Kongers in their 20s and 30s with the breathing capacities of men and women years older.
16
Why people did not worry about keeping fit 100 years ago?
A.
They could use power tools in their daily work.
B.
They led a leisurely life and had no pressure of work.
C.
They did enough physical labour in their work and life.
D.
They could not get enough food to make themselves obese.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的100 years ago定位到原文首段。推理判断题。第一段中作者使用了大量的例子说明过去的工作状态,表明人们的大部分工作几乎都要依靠体力劳动来完成,劳动量很大，所以不担心保持健康，故正确答案为C)。
17
What does the phrase "Working out" (Line 7，Para. 1) mean according to the passage?
A.
Developing in a successful way.
B.
Keeping fit by physical exercise.
C.
Calculating something precisely.
D.
Understanding somebody's character.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的Working out定位到原文首段倒数第二句。语义理解题。要弄明白Working out的含义先要明白整段内容。本段主要讲述了一百年前，人们不太担心保持健康。当时的人们在工作中进行大量体力劳动。对那些在家里洗衣、做饭、刷洗的人来说,生活也不那么文雅。在那个逝去的、汗水湿透的岁月，保持体形并不是一个问题。_____？从没有听说过。再结合第二段的内容可知，这里说的是强身健体，故正确答案为B)。
18
What kind of issue have health professionals focused on in the past decade?
A.
They have always reminded us to keep fit in our daily life.
B.
They have only paid attention to how much people take in.
C.
They have misunderstood the old energy-balance equation.
D.
They have emphasized the importance of consuming calories.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的health professionals定位到原文第二段第二句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，在过去十年里的大部分时间，健康专家和大众报刊关注能量等式的摄入方面，也就是吃的方面,故可得出答案为B)。
19
According to the WHO, what is to blame for 1.9 million deaths every year?
A.
That people seldom exercise.
B.
That people eat too much food.
C.
That people smoke too much.
D.
That people have different kinds of cancers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的WHO定位到原文第四段第一句。细节辨认题。定位句提到，世界卫生组织估计缺乏运动导致每年190万人死亡,所以答案是A)。
20
What is the main idea of the passage?
A.
To keep fit, people should do enough physical labour every day.
B.
To keep fit, people should take in plenty of nutritious food.
C.
To keep fit, people should stick to the energy-balance equation.
D.
To keep fit, people should lead a 100-year-ago lifestyle.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的main idea定位到全文。主旨大意题。结合各段的主题句我们可以推出C)是正确答案，即为了保持健康,我们需要遵守能量守恒等式,不仅要摄入足够的能量，而且要进行足够的体育锻炼来消耗能量。
People in their sixties should go to university to retrain because they will be expected to work for longer before retirement, the Government has suggested.
Older workers who take courses to keep their skills up to date will be more likely to keep their jobs, claims David Willetts, the higher education minister. Mr. Willetts said the age limit on student loans to cover tuition fees had been lifted, making a degree course "great value" for older people. This would help them cope with the pressure they would face to keep up to date as they worked well into their sixties, he suggested.
His comments followed a government report which found that the country's future economic success would depend on the skills and contributions of older workers.
Campaigners for the elderly voiced doubts that prospective pensioners would be willing to commit to challenging degree courses and increased levels of debt to continue working. One in four people will be older than 65 by 2033 and economists have warned that the aging population will place an unsustainable burden on taxpayers unless more people work for longer. The state pension age is to rise to 67 by 2028. Ministers have warned that they have no idea when younger workers in their thirties will be able to retire.
Mr. Willetts, urged workers older than 60 to give further education serious consideration. "There is certainly a pressure for continuing to get retrained and upskilled," he said. "Higher education has an economic benefit in that if you stay up to date with knowledge and skills you are more employable." Education is such a good thing it is not reserved for younger people," he said. "There will be people of all ages who will want to study. There is great value in lifelong learning. "Under previous rules, students in England were eligible (符合条件的) for a loan to cover tuition fees only if they were younger than 54. Latest figures showed that only 1 940 undergraduates starting courses last year were older than 60, out of a total of 552 240 students in Britain. Some 6 455 were aged between 50 and 60, according to the Higher Education Statistics Agency.
21
Why is it "great value" for older people to take a degree course?
A.
Because they can get trained without paying student loans.
B.
Because they can cover the college tuition fees by themselves.
C.
Because they are allowed to apply for student loans.
D.
Because they face the age limit when applying for the tuition fees.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的"great value"定位到第二段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，用于支付学费的助学贷款的申请年龄限制已经取消，这使得老年人学习学位课程"超值"，即由于年龄限制的取消，老年人也可以申请助学贷款,故正确答案为C)。
22
Who will most probably refuse to continue to work through taking a degree course?
A.
Young workers.
B.
Prospective pensioners.
C.
Mature taxpayers.
D.
Young students.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的refuse to continue to work定位到第四段第一句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，老年人权益活动家对此表示怀疑：那些潜在的养老金领取者会为了继续工作而学习学位课程，并承担更多的债务吗？由此可以推断，那些有可能成为养老金领取者的人很可能不会为了继续工作而承担学习学位课程而使自己深陷债务的风险，故B)为正确答案。
23
According to the economists, how can the aging population problem be solved?
A.
Taxpayers should pay more taxes.
B.
More people should work longer.
C.
The state should increase its birth rate.
D.
The state pension age should be raised.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的economists和aging population定位到第四段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，由于到2033年英国将有四分之一的人年龄超过65岁，经济学家警告称，如果没有更多的人延长工作时间，老龄人口将使纳税人难以承受，言外之意是要延长工作时间，故正确答案为B)。
24
According to Mr. Willetts, what is the advantage of higher education?
A.
It allows people at various ages to get good education paying no tuition fees.
B.
Younger people have more chances to achieve a higher degree than the old.
C.
Older workers can take the opportunity to fulfill their dreams of learning.
D.
Up-to-date knowledge and skills can increase people's probability of being hired.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的Mr. Willetts和higher education定位到第五段。推理判断题。由定位段可知，Willetts先生希望60岁以上的工作者接受继续教育，原因是虽然继续接受培训和提高职业技能有些压力，但是如果工作者能够在知识和技能方面与时倶进，那么他们会更容易胜任工作。这也是高等教育所能创造的经济效益。Willetts先生还认为教育不是年轻人独享的，终生教育会使所有人受益。由此可以推断，高等教育通过为学习者提供适时的教育内容让他们有更多的就业机会，故正确答案为D)。
25
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_____.
A.
people older than 54 now can't apply for student loans to cover their tuition fees.
B.
older people who are willing to get retrained now are becoming fewer and fewer.
C.
the older people become, the fewer of them will receive higher education.
D.
undergraduates older than 50 account for more than 7% of students in Britain.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的the last paragraph定位到最后一段。推理判断题。此题可用排除法，定位段第一句说明，按照以前的规定，54岁以下的学生才能申请助学贷款，由上文得知，现在年龄限制已取消，故排除A)。第二句表明60岁以上的大学生占学生总数的比率低，但并未指出数量越来越少，故排除B)。本段阐明60岁以上的大学生有1 940人，50岁到60岁之间的大学生有 6 455人，通过计算可知，两者占学生总数不到2%，故排除D)。由于50岁到60岁之间的大学生有6 455人，而60岁以上的大学生只有1 940人，因此可以判断，老年人年龄越大，他们之中越少的人会接受高等教育，故正确答案为C)。
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